It has been discovered that the medicinal properties of cultured mycelia are equally effectively as those of Cordyceps sp. found in the wild.1) Studies suggest that Cordyceps sinensis, which forms a fruiting body on the larvae of moths, may promote natural vitality and have diverse bioactivities.2,3) In addition, Cordyceps militaris, a species that is a parasite fungus on the larvae of Lepidoptera, has received considerable attention as a potential anti-hyperlipidemia agent. 4)However, since these physiologically active substances contained in various Cordyceps sp. were extracted from natural or the solid cultured stromata, only a few active substances from them have been developed for commercial use. Therefore, to provide opportunities for increased economic efficiency and practical use, artificial media for high-volume production have recently been developed in Korea. found that the hot-water fraction (HW) from submerged cultured mycelia of C. sinensis stimulates bone marrow cell proliferation through Peyer's patch cells, activates macrophages, and has some bioactivities in vitro. 5)Recently, hyperlipidemia has received research attention. It is well documented that lowering circulating cholesterol, especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, levels can prevent, arrest, and even reverse coronary atherosclerosis.6) Various edible mushrooms have already proven to be an important natural regimen for controlling hyperlipidemia due to their high content of fiber, proteins, and microelements and low fat content. 7,8) Although the hypolipidemic effect of mushrooms has been studied, no information is so far available on the hypocholesterolemic effect of the fungus C. sinensis. Therefore, the present paper investigated the potential cholesterol-lowering effect of the HW extract from mycelia of C. sinensis in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODSMicroorganism and Materials C. sinensis, which was a gift from Sanming Microbiological Institute in China, were used in this experiment. The medium used for liquid culture contained, per liter, the following: 100 g of molasses, 1 g of yeast extract, and 3 g of K 2 HPO 4 . The submerged cultivation of C. sinensis was carried out at 150 rpm, 25°C, pH 5, and airflow rate of 1.0 vvm for 7 d in a 5 l jar fermenter using the liquid culture medium. The enzymatic kits for total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.).Animals Male ICR mice (6-8 weeks old) were obtained from Daihan-Biolink Co. (Korea). After an adaptation period, the mice were allowed free access to standard laboratory cholesterol-free and -enriched diets. Water was given ad libitum during the experimental period. They were housed under temperature (about 21°C) and humidity (about 60%)-controlled conventional clean conditions. Preparation of HW Extraction Samples were prepared to investigate the physiological effects of the HW extract from cultured mycelia of C. sinensis in...
Context: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter and it is well established that activation of GABAA receptors favours sleep. l-Theanine, a naturally occurring amino acid first discovered in green tea, is a well-known anti-anxiety supplement with proven relaxation benefits.Objective: This study investigated the potential synergistic sleep enhancement effect of GABA/l-theanine mixture.Materials and methods: Pentobarbital-induced sleep test was applied to find proper concentration for sleep-promoting effect in ICR mice. Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis was performed to investigate total sleeping time and sleep quality in normal SD rats and caffeine-induced awareness model. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to investigate whether the sleep-promoting mechanism of GABA/l-theanine mixture involved transcriptional processes.Results: GABA/l-theanine mixture (100/20 mg/kg) showed a decrease in sleep latency (20.7 and 14.9%) and an increase in sleep duration (87.3 and 26.8%) compared to GABA or theanine alone. GABA/l-theanine mixture led to a significant increase in rapid eye movement (REM) (99.6%) and non-REM (NREM) (20.6%) compared to controls. The use of GABA/l-theanine mixture rather than GABA or l-theanine alone restored to normal levels sleep time and quality in the arousal animal model. The administration of GABA/l-theanine led to increased expression of GABA and the glutamate GluN1 receptor subunit.Conclusions: GABA/l-theanine mixture has a positive synergistic effect on sleep quality and duration as compared to the GABA or l-theanine alone. The increase in GABA receptor and GluN1 expression is attributed to the potential neuromodulatory properties of GABA/l-theanine combination, which seems to affect sleep behaviour.
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