PM levels and meteorological factors impacted hospitalization for respiratory diseases, especially in children and the elderly. The effect of PM on respiratory diseases increased as the relative humidity decreased.
The combination of therapeutic nucleic acids and chemotherapeutic drugs has shown great promise for cancer therapy. In this study, asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) targeting-ligand-based liposomes were tested to determine whether they can co-deliver vimentin siRNA and doxorubicin to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) selectively. To achieve this goal, we developed an ASGPR receptor targeted co-delivery system called gal-doxorubicin/vimentin siRNA liposome (Gal-DOX/siRNA-L). The Gal-DOX/siRNA-L was created via electrostatic interaction of galactose linked-cationic liposomal doxorubicin (Gal-DOX-L) on vimentin siRNA. Previous studies have shown that Gal-DOX/siRNA-L inhibited tumor growth by combined effect of DOX and vimentin siRNA than single delivery of either DOX or vimentin siRNA. These Gal-DOX/siRNA-Ls showed stronger affinity to human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Huh7) than other cells (lung epithelial carcinoma, A549). These liposomes also have demonstrated that novel hepatic drug/gene delivery systems composed of cationic lipid (DMKE: O,O’-dimyristyl-N-lysyl glutamate), cholesterol, galactosylated ceramide, POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), and PEG2000-DSPE (distearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine) at 2:1:1:1:0.2 (moral ratios) can be used as an effective drug/gene carrier specifically targeting the liver in vivo. These results suggest that Gal-DOX-siRNA-L could effectively target tumor cells, enhance transfection efficacy and subsequently achieve the co-delivery of DOX and siRNA, demonstrating great potential for synergistic anti-tumor therapy.
To forecast haze pollution episodes caused by high concentrations of long-range transported pollutants emitted in the areas upstream of South Korea, it is crucial to study and identify their behaviour. We analysed the three-dimensional air quality structure in Seoul using ground observation data and aerosol lidar measurements to identify vertical aerosol intrusion into the Korean Peninsula during the spring of 2016. The intrusions were particularly affected by the development of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in the leeward regions. The nocturnal pollutant intrusion into the Korean peninsula via the Yellow Sea was examined using measured data. The pollutants first reached the area above the nocturnal boundary layer (548 ± 180 m) and approached ground level on the following day due to convective mixing depending on the convective ABL growth (1182 ± 540 m) in daytime. These intrusion mechanisms were mostly attributed to extremely high concentrations (i.e. >100 μg m−3) of fine particulate matter in the leeward regions, accounting for four of the total of six cases for which the warnings and alerts were issued in Seoul Metropolitan Area over a year-long period (2016). The horizontal and vertical pathways of the long-range transported pollutants and the atmospheric vertical structure were identified as key factors affecting the surface air quality concentration in the leeward regions.
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