Summary
Activated protein C (APC) is a natural anticoagulant that plays an important role in coagulation homeostasis by inactivating the procoagulation factor Va and VIIIa. In addition to its anticoagulation functions, APC also has cytoprotective effects such as anti‐inflammatory, anti‐apoptotic, and endothelial barrier protection. Recently, a recombinant form of human APC (rhAPC or drotrecogin alfa activated; known commercially as ‘Xigris’) was approved by the US Federal Drug Administration for treatment of severe sepsis associated with a high risk of mortality. Sepsis, also known as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) resulting from infection, is a serious medical condition in critical care patients. In sepsis, hyperactive and dysregulated inflammatory responses lead to secretion of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, activation and migration of leucocytes, activation of coagulation, inhibition of fibrinolysis, and increased apoptosis. Although initial hypotheses focused on antithrombotic and profibrinolytic functions of APC in sepsis, other agents with more potent anticoagulation functions were not effective in treating severe sepsis. Furthermore, APC therapy is also associated with the risk of severe bleeding in treated patients. Therefore, the cytoprotective effects, rather than the anticoagulant effect of APC are postulated to be responsible for the therapeutic benefit of APC in the treatment of severe sepsis.
In electrical power systems, especially highly networked and become smart grid recently, faster protection relay and faster circuit breaker are more desirable for system stability at short circuit accidents. Nowadays general interruption time of circuit breaker is 3~5 cycle and trip signal sending time of a protection relay is about 2 cycle for instant operation. Most cases these circuit breaker and protection relay are sufficient for protection of the power systems but some special cases faster circuit breaker and relay are required. We proposed a prototype AC high speed circuit breaker which could interrupt the short circuit current of 12.5kA, 25.8kV within 1 cycle of 60Hz. Also we developed a prototype over current relay(OCR) which can send a trip signal within 1/2 cycle of 60Hz. We carried out a short circuit test these high speed circuit breaker and OCR in combination. At making current of maximum DC components defined in IEC 62271 100 32.5kA peak, 25.8kV, current was sensed and interrupted within 1 cycle.
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