The exploration of oral microbiome has been increasing due to its relatedness with various systemic diseases, but standardization of saliva sampling for microbiome analysis has not been established, contributing to the lack of data comparability. Here, we evaluated the factors that influence the microbiome data. Saliva samples were collected by the two collection methods (passive drooling and mouthwash) using three saliva-preservation methods (OMNIgene, DNA/RNA shield, and simple collection). A total of 18 samples were sequenced by both Illumina short-read and Nanopore long-read next-generation sequencing (NGS). The component of the oral microbiome in each sample was compared with alpha and beta diversity and the taxonomic abundances, to find out the effects of factors on oral microbiome data. The alpha diversity indices of the mouthwash sample were significantly higher than that of the drooling group with both short-read and long-read NGS, while no significant differences in microbial diversities were found between the three saliva-preservation methods. Our study shows mouthwash and simple collection are not inferior to other sample collection and saliva-preservation methods, respectively. This result is promising since the convenience and cost-effectiveness of mouthwash and simple collection can simplify the saliva sample preparation, which would greatly help clinical operators and lab workers.
Background We previously reported similar efficacies of alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) on single extraction socket with two different E. coli derived recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) delivery systems (Cowell BMP, Cowell medi Co, Busan, Korea; β-tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite particle & O-BMP, Osstem Implant Co, Busan, Korea; absorbable collagen sponge). After the trial, we completed implant therapy and observed over an average of 3 years. This follow-up study was performed retrospectively to compare result of implant treatment at the preserved alveolar ridge site. Methods Patients who underwent extraction of single tooth and received ARP with one of two rhBMP-2 delivery systems from October 2015 to October 2016 were enrolled. Twenty-eight patients (Group 1: Cowell BMP 14; Group 2: O-BMP 14) who underwent implant therapy and prosthetic treatment were included in study. Stability and marginal bone loss (MBL) of each implant were collected from medical charts and radiographs, and analyzed. The survival and success rates of implants were calculated. Results The primary implant stability represented by implant stability quotient (ISQ) for Groups 1 and 2 was 69.71 and 72.86, respectively. The secondary implant stability for Groups 1 and 2 was 78.86 and 81.64, respectively. Primary and secondary stabilities were not statistically different (P = 0.316 and 0.185, respectively). MBL at the latest follow-up was 0.014 mm in Group 1 over 33.76 ± 14.31 months and 0.021 mm in Group 2 over 40.20 ± 9.64 months, with no significant difference (P = 0.670). In addition, the success rate of implants was 100% (14/14) in Group 1 and 92.9% (13/14) in Group 2, with survival rate of 100% (14/14) in Group 1 and 92.9% (13/14) in Group 2. Conclusions We confirmed good prognosis in both groups as a result of implant therapy after ARP with each of two rhBMP-2 carriers.
Background: Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is one of the complication of bisphosphonate (BP). Despite being a major risk factor for ONJ, tooth extraction cannot explain all cases of ONJ. However, disease that induce inflammation in the jawbone, such as pulp and periapical disease is underestimated, and studies suggesting relationship are arising. This necessitates the determination of the relationship between ONJ and inflammatory disease, which would contribute to the understanding and treatment of ONJ.Methods: We analyzed the relationship between ONJ and pulp and periapical disease, and caries in women aged over 50 years who were administered BP for over 1 year from 2010 to 2015, based on a nationwide cohort study. ONJ, pulp and periapical disease, and caries were defined according to the Korean Standard Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death-7 and claims data. ONJ was operationally defined into definite ONJ and possible ONJ because of the ambiguity of population-based ONJ diagnosis.Results: Pulp and periapical disease significantly increased ONJ development [hazard ratio 2.21 (95% CI 1.40-3.48) and 2.22 (95% CI 1.65-2.98) in definite ONJ and possible ONJ, respectively]. Additionally, the risk of ONJ development increased when caries addition to pulp and periapical disease [hazard ratio 2.28 (95% 1.50-3.47) and 2.05 (95% 1.55-2.70) in definite ONJ and possible ONJ, respectively]. Nonetheless, those in the caries were not significant. Root canal treatment in most cases did not increase ONJ development significantly, but the pulp and periapical disease or caries significantly increased possible ONJ development [hazard ratio 2.17 (95% CI 1.04-4.52)].Conclusions: It is necessary to focus on pulp and periapical disease resulting in inflammation as a major risk factor for ONJ. Future studies should determine the role of low-grade inflammation for ONJ on other ONJ-inducing drugs as anti-resorptive agents.
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