The XIST RNA is a non-coding RNA that induces X chromosome inactivation (XCI). Unlike the mouse Xist RNA, how the human XIST RNA controls XCI in female cells is less well characterized, and its functional motifs remain unclear. To systematically decipher the XCI-involving elements of XIST RNA, 11 smaller XIST segments, including repeats A, D and E; human-specific repeat elements; the promoter; and non-repetitive exons, as well as the entire XIST gene, were homozygously deleted in K562 cells using the Cas9 nuclease and paired guide RNAs at high efficiencies, followed by high-throughput RNA sequencing and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments. Clones containing en bloc and promoter deletions that consistently displayed no XIST RNAs and a global up-regulation of X-linked genes confirmed that the deletion of XIST reactivates the inactive X chromosome. Systematic analyses of segmental deletions delineated that exon 5 harboring the non-repeat element is important for X-inactivation maintenance, whereas exons 2, 3 and 4 as well as the other repeats in exon 1 are less important, a different situation from that of mouse Xist . This Cas9-assisted dissection of XIST allowed us to understand the unique functional domains within the human XIST RNA.
Campbell grape juice was processed at different temperatures (60, 70, 80 and 90C) and different times (30, 45 and 60 min), and evaluated for quality components and sensorial properties. The grapes were crushed, added with enzyme, heated, and pressed; then the juice was cold stabilized, filtered and pasteurized. The samples showed an increase in pH and a decrease in titratable acidity. Sugar/acid ratio and total soluble solids increased until 80C then decreased when 90C was reached. A slight increase in L* and b* values and a decrease in a* color values were also shown. Significant differences were mostly observed between processing temperatures than between processing times. Increasing processing temperature enhances the total phenolics, total anthocyanin and total flavonoid contents, and % radical scavenging activity of the juice until 80C but declined when the temperature reached 90C. Sensory evaluation showed that the preferred time-temperature combination for processing Campbell juice is between 70 and 80C for 30-45 min. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSCampbell Early (V. labrusca B.) is one of the major table grapes in Korea and overproduction of this grape variety in Korean market calls for an alternative product in which excess grapes can be utilized. This study is focused on the determination of the effects of processing time and temperature on the quality components of Campbell grape juice. The results can be a guide to have a processing method that can be used in producing Campbell grape juice with good sensory properties and high bioactive compounds 1 Corresponding
This opinion paper highlights the state of public health assessment in evacuation centers following the 2015 Nepal earthquake. It also suggests an approach to reinforce risk assessment and surveillance of communicable diseases (CD) in remote Nepalese districts. A short surveillance research was conducted on outbreaks of infectious diseases in Nepal in the post-2015 earthquake in evacuation centers in Kathmandu and Dhading districts. In collaboration with the Nursing Association of Nepal (NAN), the researchers have established a monitoring and surveillance system, named ‘EpiNurse’ program, in remote Nepalese districts. Periodic shelter to shelter visits, CD risk assessment and relief needs inventory in local communities are implemented, whereas health events with a potential to cause a CD outbreak are being reported to governmental agencies and health clusters involved in post-disaster relief in Nepal. Several cases of diarrheal diseases were identi fied in Nepalese districts after the 2015 earthquake, suggesting the existence of potential risk for the occurrence of new CD epidemics. Onsite risk assessment and monitoring of the effectiveness of actions and interventions implemented, as well as improvement of risk communication between relief agencies should be expanded to less resourced districts to reduce the risk of CD outbreak occurrence.
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