fi ber-shaped, [ 8 ] wearable, [ 9 ] and even semitransparent [ 10,11 ] perovskite solar cells.In particular, semitransparent solar cells are of great interest for future applications, such as power-generating window panels in buildings or automobiles, which would raise the usage ratio of solar energy without occupying additional space. [ 12,13 ] For example, building-integrated solar cells could lead to the creation of completely self-sustaining, pollution-free buildings. Furthermore, semitransparent solar cells can be stacked in a tandem device architecture in which a cell with a higher bandgap is placed atop another with a lower bandgap. [14][15][16] To date, most demonstrated semitransparent solar cells have been based on high-bandgap absorbers, thin polymers, and amorphous silicon absorbers, which result in critical losses in overall effi ciency. Perovskitebased absorbers possess outstanding lightabsorbing characteristics, and the explicit tradeoff between PCE and transparency can be adjusted by varying the thickness of the absorbing layer. In this strategy, the conventional approach is to form perovskite layers thin enough to attain the desirable high transparency. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Uniform, thin perovskite fi lms have been produced via evaporation or gasassisted spin-coating techniques. Roldán-Carmona et al. fabricated semitransparent perovskite solar cells by employing an evaporated 280 nm thick perovskite absorber layer, achieving a PCE of 7.73% and an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 19%. [ 10 ] Additionally, centimeter-scale, 135 nm thick evaporated CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 thin fi lms were reported to have PCEs of 9.9%. [ 18 ] Using a gas-assisted spin-coating process, continuous 107 nm thick CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 thin fi lms were demonstrated with PCEs of 8.1% and AVTs of 19%. [ 24 ] Along with the development of thin perovskite absorber layers, strategies for enhancing the carrier collection effi ciency, including the use of Ag nanowire electrodes, [ 20 ] graphene electrodes, [ 17 ] and atomically thin ZnO cathode buffer layers and Al 2 O 3 capping layers, [ 21 ] have been suggested to compensate for the limited light absorption.Despite the success of these approaches, the practical fabrication of large-scale continuous, thin perovskite fi lms remains challenging, and issues preventing commercial viability, including reproducibility and stability, are unresolved. Obtaining a highly effi cient, moderately thick absorber layer with a restricted open aperture is a prerequisite for achieving practical semitransparent photovoltaic devices. Two suggested Semitransparent solar cells have attracted signifi cant attention for practical applications, such as windows in buildings and automobiles. Here, semitransparent, highly effi cient, 1D nanostructured perovskite solar cells are demonstrated employing anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) as a scaffold layer. The parallel nanopillars in the perovskite layer enable construction of hazefree semitransparent devices without any hysteresis behavior. By controlling the...
Sb2Se3 has recently spurred great interest as a promising light‐absorbing material for solar energy conversion. Sb2Se3 consists of 1D covalently linked nanoribbons stacked via van der Waals forces and its properties strongly depend on the crystallographic orientation. However, strategies for adjusting the anisotropy of 1D Sb2Se3 nanostructures are rarely investigated. Here, a novel approach is presented to fabricate 1D Sb2Se3 nanostructure arrays with different aspect ratios on conductive substrates by simply spin‐coating Sb‐Se solutions with different molar ratios of thioglycolic acid and ethanolamine. A relatively small proportion of thioglycolic acid induces the growth of short Sb2Se3 nanorod arrays with preferred orientation, leading to fast carrier transport and enhanced photocurrent. After the deposition of TiO2 and Pt, an appropriately oriented Sb2Se3 nanostructure array exhibits a significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical performance; the photocurrent reaches 12.5 mA cm−2 at 0 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode under air mass 1.5 global illumination.
Silver nanowire (AgNW)‐based transparent electrodes prepared via an all‐solution‐process are proposed as bottom electrodes in flexible perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). To enhance the chemical stability of AgNWs, a pinhole‐free amorphous aluminum doped zinc oxide (a‐AZO) protection layer is deposited on the AgNW network. Compared to its crystalline counterpart (c‐AZO), a‐AZO substantially improves the chemical stability of the AgNW network. For the first time, it is observed that inadequately protected AgNWs can evanesce via diffusion, whereas a‐AZO secures the integrity of AgNWs. When an optimally thick a‐AZO layer is used, the a‐AZO/AgNW/AZO composite electrode exhibits a transmittance of 88.6% at 550 nm and a sheet resistance of 11.86 Ω sq−1, which is comparable to that of commercial fluorine doped tin oxide. The PVSCs fabricated with a configuration of Au/spiro‐OMeTAD/CH3NH3PbI3/ZnO/AZO/AgNW/AZO on rigid and flexible substrates can achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 13.93% and 11.23%, respectively. The PVSC with the a‐AZO/AgNW/AZO composite electrode retains 94% of its initial PCE after 400 bending iterations with a bending radius of 12.5 mm. The results clearly demonstrate the potential of AgNWs as bottom electrodes in flexible PVSCs, which can facilitate the commercialization and large‐scale deployment of PVSCs.
We report all-solution-processed transparent conductive electrodes based on Ag nanowire (AgNW)-embedded metal oxide composite films for application in organometal halide perovskite solar cells. To address the thermal instability of Ag nanowires, we used combustive sol-gel derived thin films to construct ZnO/ITO/AgNW/ITO composite structures. The resulting composite configuration effectively prevented the AgNWs from undergoing undesirable side-reactions with halogen ions present in the perovskite precursor solutions that significantly deteriorate the optoelectrical properties of Ag nanowires in transparent conductive films. AgNW-based composite electrodes had a transmittance of ∼80% at 550 nm and sheet resistance of 18 Ω sq(-1). Perovskite solar cells fabricated using a fully solution-processed transparent conductive electrode, Au/spiro-OMeTAD/CH3NH3PbI3 + m-Al2O3/ZnO/ITO/AgNW/ITO, exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 8.44% (comparable to that of the FTO/glass-based counterpart at 10.81%) and were stable for 30 days in ambient air. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using AgNWs as a transparent bottom electrode in perovskite solar cells produced by a fully printable process.
Scaling large-area solar cells is in high demand for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a high power-conversion efficiency (PCE).However, few roll-to-roll-compatible deposition methods for the formation of highly oriented uniform perovskite films are reported. Herein, a facile cold antisolvent bathing approach compatible with large-area fabrication is introduced. The wet precursor films are submerged in a cold antisolvent bath at 0 °C, and the retarded nucleation and growth kinetics allow highly oriented perovskite to be grown along the [110] and [220] directions, perpendicular to the substrate. The high degree of the preferred crystal orientation benefits the effective charge extraction and reduces the amount of inter-and intra-grain defects inside the perovskite films, improving the PCE from 16.48% (ambientbathed solar cell) to 18.50% (cold-bathed counterpart). The cold antisolvent bathing method is employed for the fabrication of large-area (8 × 10 cm 2 ) PSCs with uniform photovoltaic device parameters, thereby verifying the scale-up capability of the method.
Solar-energy conversion by photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices is driven by the separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers. Thus, understanding carrier dynamics in a PEC device is essential to realizing efficient solar-energy conversion. Here, we investigate time-resolved carrier dynamics in emerging low-cost Sb 2 Se 3 nanostructure photocathodes for PEC water splitting. Using terahertz spectroscopy, we observed an initial mobility loss within tens of picoseconds due to carrier localization and attributed the origin of carrier localization to the rich surface of Sb 2 Se 3 nanostructures. In addition, a possible recombination at the interface between Sb 2 Se 3 and the back contact is elucidated by time-resolved photoluminescence analysis. We also demonstrated the dual role of the RuO x co-catalyst in reducing surface recombination and enhancing charge transfer in full devices using intensity-modulated spectroscopy. The relatively low onset potential of the Sb 2 Se 3 photocathode is attributed to the sluggish charge transfer at a low applied bias rather than to fast surface recombination. We believe that our insights on carrier dynamics would be an important step toward achieving highly efficient Sb 2 Se 3 photocathodes.
All‐inorganic cesium lead triiodide (CsPbI3) perovskite is considered a promising solution‐processable semiconductor for highly stable optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. However, despite its excellent optoelectronic properties, the phase instability of CsPbI3 poses a critical hurdle for practical application. In this study, a novel stain‐mediated phase stabilization strategy is demonstrated to significantly enhance the phase stability of cubic α‐phase CsPbI3. Careful control of the degree of spatial confinement induced by anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with varying pore sizes leads to effective manipulation of the phase stability of α‐CsPbI3. The Williamson–Hall method in conjunction with density functional theory calculations clearly confirms that the strain imposed on the perovskite lattice when confined in vertically aligned nanopores can alter the formation energy of the system, stabilizing α‐CsPbI3 at room temperature. Finally, the CsPbI3 grown inside nanoporous AAO templates exhibits exceptional phase stability over three months under ambient conditions, in which the resulting light‐emitting diode reveals a natural red color emission with very narrow bandwidth (full width at half maximum of 33 nm) at 702 nm. The universally applicable template‐based stabilization strategy can give in‐depth insights on the strain‐mediated phase transition mechanism in all‐inorganic perovskites.
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