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Volunteer tourism, as an alternative to mass tourism, has grown significantly since the 1970s, sparking a growing research interest in the subject. However, little research has been conducted about Asian volunteer tourists. The purpose of this study is to compare the strength of perceived behavioral control with self‐efficacy to predict volunteer tourists' intentions within the theory of planned behavior. Meta‐analysis is also used to examine the effect size of the independent variables derived from the theory of planned behavior. Study results indicate that self‐efficacy is a stronger predictor than perceived behavioral control in predicting volunteer tourists' future behavioral intentions.

The main purpose of this research was to investigate the reciprocal nature of trust in a service provider, established through consumer involvement in value co-creation. Grounded in service-dominant logic and social exchange theory, the study used an existing consumer-generated co-creation contest by a popular U.S.-based coffee-shop brand. When examining customer involvement with value co-creation (N = 510), the covariance-based structural equation model test of recursive versus sequential trust models revealed that trust served as both a significant antecedent and an outcome of value co-creation and is reciprocal in nature. The findings provide support for trust networks as necessary condition for successful value co-creation. Finally, theoretical implications for service-dominant logic and social exchange theory are presented and practical implications discussed.