This study investigated the effect of supplementation with immature Citrus unshiu juice (ICJ) on jelly quality characteristics. According to the amount of ICJ added, the ICJ jelly samples were divided into five groups, to determine differences in physicochemical properties: ICJ-0, ICJ-15, ICJ-30, ICJ-45, and ICJ-60 (immature Citrus unshiu jelly with 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60% ICJ, respectively). Konjac and κ-carrageenan were used as gelling agents, and all groups were gelled, regardless of the ICJ amount. Hunter b (yellowness) value of the jelly was increased with increasing ICJ supplementation, whereas the L (lightness) and a (redness) values were observed to decrease. Moreover, increasing amounts of ICJ resulted in increased levels of total phenolic content and total titratable acidity of the jelly, whereas the pH, moisture, and water activity (Aw) of the jelly were observed to decrease. The water holding capacity showed no significant difference among the groups (P>0.05). Texture properties for hardness and gumminess were significantly higher in the ICJ jellies (treatment group) than in the control (P<0.05). Depending on the ICJ amount, sensory properties of appearance, color, and taste of ICJ jelly were significantly different (P<0.05), but differences in texture and overall acceptability were not significant (P>0.05). Our results confirm that jelly prepared with 45% ICJ supplementation has the highest acceptability. Thus, we conclude that 45% ICJ is the optimal requirement for the preparation of high-quality jelly.
Immature Citrus unshiu contains large amounts of various physiologically active substances compared to mature Citrus unshiu. They are also known to exert various biological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity. However, the active ingredients that express functionality generally have disadvantages under external environments such as light, heat, and pH. Therefore, we conducted microencapsulation using a spray drying technology to protect the active ingredients of immature Citrus unshiu concentrate (ICUC). We further strived to establish optimal processing conditions using the Box-Behnken design method of response surface methodology (RSM). In order to develop the optimized immature Citrus unshiu powder using RSM, the inlet temperature (X1), aspirator power (X2), and maltodextrin concentration (X3) were set as independent variables, and quality characteristics such as dry yield (Y1), water content (Y2), water activity (Y3), total phenolic content (Y4), and particle size (Y5) were set as dependent variables. The P values of the Y1, Y4, and Y5 models were all less than 0.0001, and the determination coefficient (R 2 ) was 0.9541, 0.9767, and 0.9799, respectively, confirming the model's suitability and reliability. The maximum value of dry yield (15.75%) and minimum value of water activity (0.079) and particle size (346.44 nm) were obtained under the optimal conditions of inlet temperature 200°C, aspirator power 99.75%, and maltodextrin concentration 20%. In conclusion, we believe that this study will help establish optimal spray drying conditions for microencapsulation of ICUC and other fruit and vegetable extracts.
In this study, yogurt containing immature Citrus unshiu juice (ICJ) at 0, 1, 5, and 10% ratio was prepared to measure the antioxidant activity and physicochemical quality characteristics of the yogurt. In addition, the changes in the pH, titratable acidity and changes in sugar content of the immature Citrus unshiu yogurt were measured while being stored at room temperature for 3 days. Overall, the pH exhibited the tended of decreasing as time passed. As the amount of ICJ added increased, the pH of yogurt showed a tendency to decrease, and on the third day of storage, the yogurt with 10% ICJ added a significantly lower pH than the control group(p<0.05). The titratable of immature Citrus unshiu yogurt showed significantly higher values on the third day of storage compared to the zero day of storage(p<0.05). The sugar content of immature Citrus unshiu yogurt did not show any significant difference regardless of the amount of ICJ added and storage period(p>0.05). In the case of viscosity, compared to the control group and yogurt added with 1% of ICJ, a significantly lower value was observed in the yogurt with 10% addition(p<0.05). The total polyphenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity were increased according to the amount of ICJ added.
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