Major complications were rare, and most were not significantly different among the groups. However, obesity was a protective factor against blood loss and transfusion, and long-term urinary retention.

Hyaluronic acid filler injection is a minimally invasive procedure for facial rejuvenation that involves injecting filling materials to correct the volume or augment specific areas in the face. Deep nasolabial folds are a common concern in aging people. The simplest way to correct a deep nasolabial fold to rejuvenate the face is to inject Ristow's space with hyaluronic acid fillers. However, conventional injection methods, such as percutaneous injections using a needle, can cause severe complications, such as skin necrosis or blindness due to intravascular injections. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to introduce a safe technique for intraoral filler injections in deep nasolabial folds and review related anatomic features to evaluate the safety of this technique.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of five-dimensional Long Bone (5D LB), a new technique that automatically archives, reconstructs images, and measures lengths of fetal long bones, to assess whether the direction of volume sweep influences fetal long bone measurements in three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound and 5D LB, and to compare measurements of fetal long bone lengths obtained with 5D LB and those obtained with conventional two-dimensional (2D) and manual 3D techniques.MethodsThis prospective study included 39 singleton pregnancies at 26+0 to 32+0 weeks of gestation. Multiple pregnancies, fetuses with multiple congenital anomalies, and mothers with underlying medical diseases were excluded. Fetal long bones of the lower extremities-the femur, tibia, and fibula were measured by 2D and 3D ultrasound, and 5D LB, by an expert and non-expert examiner. First, we analyzed the 3D ultrasound and 5D LB data according to 2 different sweeping angles. We analyzed intra- and inter-observer variability and agreement between ultrasound techniques. Paired t-test, interclass correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman plot and Passing-Bablok regression were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThere was no statistical difference between long bone measurements analyzed according to 2 different volume-sweeping angles by 3D ultrasound and 5D LB. Intra- and inter-observer variability were not significantly different among all 3 ultrasound techniques. Comparing 2D ultrasound and 5D LB, the interclass correlation coefficient for femur, tibia, and fibula was 0.91, 0.92, and 0.89, respectively.Conclusion5D LB is reproducible and comparable with conventional 2D and 3D ultrasound techniques for fetal long bone measurement.

The hypertrophied temporalis and masseter muscles give a muscular shaped and bulky contour to the face. Botulinum neurotoxin injection methods are commonly used for facial contouring; however, adverse effects have been reported owing to a lack of delicate anatomical information. The anatomical considerations when injecting botulinum neurotoxin into the temporalis and masseter muscles were reviewed in the present study. Current knowledge on the localization of the botulinum neurotoxin injection point with more recent anatomical dissection and modified Sihler staining procedures was assessed. The authors found that, for the muscles, the injection point can be more precisely demarcated. Optimal injection sites are presented for the temporalis and masseter muscles, and the injection technique is suggested. The authors propose the optimal injection sites in relation to external anatomical landmarks for the frequently injected muscles of the face to facilitate the efficiency of botulinum neurotoxin injections. In addition, these guidelines would aid in more precise practice without the adverse effects of botulinum neurotoxin.

This study aimed to identify ideal sites for botulinum toxin injection by analyzing the intramuscular nerve patterns of the triceps brachii muscles. A modified Sihler's method was applied to the triceps brachii muscle (15 specimens), with long, medial, and lateral heads. The intramuscular arborization areas of the long, medial, and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle were measured as a percentage of the total distance from the midpoint of the olecranon (0%) to the anteroinferior point of the acromion (100%), by dividing the medial and lateral parts based on the line connecting the midpoint of the olecranon and the anteroinferior point of the acromion. Intramuscular arborization patterns were observed at the long head at two medial regions, proximally 30%–50% and distally 60%–70%; medial head of 30%–40%; and lateral head of 30%–60%. These results suggest that the treatment of spasticity of the triceps brachii muscles involves botulinum toxin injections in specific areas. The areas corresponding to the areas of maximum arborization are recommended as the most effective and safe points for botulinum toxin injection.