Glioblastoma (GBM), the most severe and common brain tumor in adults, is characterized by multiple somatic mutations and aberrant activation of inflammatory responses. Immune cell infiltration and subsequent inflammation cause tumor growth and resistance to therapy. Somatic loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding tumor suppressor protein p53 (TP53) are frequently observed in various cancers. However, numerous studies suggest that TP53 regulates malignant phenotypes by gain-of-function (GOF) mutations. Here we demonstrate that a TP53 GOF mutation promotes inflammation in GBM. Ectopic expression of a TP53 GOF mutant induced transcriptomic changes, which resulted in enrichment of gene signatures related to inflammation and chemotaxis. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that a gene signature, upregulated by the TP53 GOF mutation, is associated with progression and shorter overall survival in GBM. We also observed significant correlations between the TP53 GOF mutation signature and inflammation in the clinical database of GBM and other cancers. The TP53 GOF mutant showed upregulated C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) expression via nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling, consequently increasing microglia and monocyte-derived immune cell infiltration. Additionally, TP53 GOF mutation and CCL2 and TNFA expression correlated positively with tumor-associated immunity in patients with GBM. Taken together, our findings suggest that the TP53 GOF mutation plays a crucial role in inflammatory responses, thereby deteriorating prognostic outcomes in patients with GBM.

Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is a complex disease with extensive molecular and transcriptional heterogeneity. GBM can be subcategorized into four distinct subtypes; tumors that shift towards the mesenchymal phenotype upon recurrence are generally associated with treatment resistance, unfavorable prognosis, and the infiltration of pro-tumorigenic macrophages. Results We explore the transcriptional regulatory networks of mesenchymal-associated tumor-associated macrophages (MA-TAMs), which drive the malignant phenotypic state of GBM, and identify macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) as the most highly differentially expressed gene. MARCOhigh TAMs induce a phenotypic shift towards mesenchymal cellular state of glioma stem cells, promoting both invasive and proliferative activities, as well as therapeutic resistance to irradiation. MARCOhigh TAMs also significantly accelerate tumor engraftment and growth in vivo. Moreover, both MA-TAM master regulators and their target genes are significantly correlated with poor clinical outcomes and are often associated with genomic aberrations in neurofibromin 1 (NF1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinases/mammalian target of rapamycin/Akt pathway (PI3K-mTOR-AKT)-related genes. We further demonstrate the origination of MA-TAMs from peripheral blood, as well as their potential association with tumor-induced polarization states and immunosuppressive environments. Conclusions Collectively, our study characterizes the global transcriptional profile of TAMs driving mesenchymal GBM pathogenesis, providing potential therapeutic targets for improving the effectiveness of GBM immunotherapy.

Abstract:The present investigation of the chemical constituents of the stem barks of Ailanthus altissima has resulted in the isolation of six canthinone-type alkaloids, including a new compound, (R)-5-(1-hydroxyethyl)-canthine-6-one (1), and five known compounds (2-6). Moreover, four phenyl propanoids (7-10), two lignans (11 and 12), two triterpenoids (13 and 14) and a fatty acid (15) having previously known chemical structures were isolated during the same course of this study. The structure of the new compound was elucidated by physical (m.p., [α] D ) and spectroscopic data ( 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, 2D NMR, and HR-DART-MS) interpretation and its absolute configuration was determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data and quantum chemical calculations. The inflammatory activities of the isolates were screened on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO), a proinflammatory mediator, in RAW 264.7 cells. Among these isolated compounds, six compounds exhibited significant inhibition of NO production, with IC 50 values in the range of 5.92˘0.9 to 15.09˘1.8 µM.

Sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ) and other alkali nitrates are known to accelerate the CO 2 11 absorption rate of MgO above their melting points. This absorption rate is further enhanced if 12 absorption is done after partial desorption. Moreover it does not show any induction period 13 which is otherwise present if absorption is done after complete desorption. A thorough study of 14 various factors affecting the rate after partial desorption is done in this work. We exposed a 15 sample to CO 2 for several different periods before partial desorption and exposed to N 2 for 16 several different periods during partial desorption in a thermogravimetric analyzer. Absorbents 17 were also characterized by XRD, BET and SEM and studied in in-situ IR cell to understand the 18

Repeated chromatography of the EtOAc-soluble fraction from the 70% EtOH extract of the flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) led to the isolation and characterization of four new flavonol glucuronides, rhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide (1), rhamnazin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide (2), rhamnazin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide-6″-methyl ester (3), and rhamnocitrin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide-6″-methyl ester (4), together with 15 flavonoids (5-19) having previously known chemical structures. The structures of the new compounds 1-4 were determined by interpretation of spectroscopic data, particularly by 1D- and 2D-NMR studies. Six flavonoids (6, 7, 9, 14, 18, and 19) were isolated from the flower buds of S. aromaticum for the first time in this study. The flavonoids were examined for their cytotoxicity against human ovarian cancer cells (A2780) using MTT assays. Among the isolates, pachypodol (19) showed the most potent cytotoxicity on A2780 cells with an IC50 value of 8.02 μM.