The purpose of this report is to introduce persistent left cranial vena cava (PLCVC) with persistent right aortic arch (PRAA) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Case 1 was a Cocker Spaniel with PRAA and case 2 was a Maltese with PDA. PLCVC was enclosed at the sites of PRAA and PDA surgery; therefore, it was lifted dorsally during PDA and PRAA surgery. Surgery to repair congenital heart defects including PRAA and PDA is recommended for dogs that do not die of PLCVC at a young age.Keywords: congenital heart defect, patent ductus arteriosus, persistent left cranial vena cava, persistent right aortic arch, thoracotomy During fetal life, dogs normally have bilateral symmetrical cranial and caudal cardinal veins. As fetus developed, the right cranial cardinal veins direct fused and transformed into right cranial vena cava [3,5]. Left cranial cardinal veins usually become atrophied and left caudal cardinal veins develop into coronary sinus. But in persistent left cranial vena cava (PLCVC) there is abnormal development of the sinus venosus and left cranial cardinal veins are not atrophied and remain the left common cardinal vein at the coronary sinus [3]. There are two types of PLCVC reported in the dog, a complete one in which the non-atrophied left cranial cardinal vein retains its embryological connection with the coronary sinus [11] and an incomplete one where the distal portion of the left cardinal vein atrophies as normal, but the proximal portion of the left cranial vena cava receives a vein which drains the left costocervical vertebral trunk [5]. PLCVC is an uncommon vascular anomaly but coexists with other congenital heart defects [6,12]. PLCVC itself did not show significant clinical signs in most cases but mostly detected when cardiovascular imaging performed for other reasons [1,6]. A study in dogs reported that 12% of vascular rings was consisted of an association of persistent right aortic arch (PRAA) and PLCVC. In these cases clinical signs of esophageal disease due to PRAA are usually appear [2]. If PLCVC drains into right atrium, there is no clinical significance [17]. In human medicine PLCVC called persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC). In numerous instances PLSVC was found accidentally during cardiovascular imaging or surgery [9]. Although it is present up to 0.5% in general population without congenital abnormalities [10,15]. Almost 40% of the patient show different kinds of congenital anomalies like as coronary sinus ostial atresia, atrial septal defect, coarctation of aorta, and bicuspid aortic valve [13,15,18]. It can cause arrhythmias and cardiogenic shock due to secondary causes such as physiologic stresses placed on the conductive tissue due to abnormal anatomy that can lead to the enlargement of the right atrium [14]. Many types of PLSVC are present in human medicine, hence, many types of treatments exist like PLSVC anastomosed to right atrial appendage, cardiac catheterization and pacemaker implant [8,9,16]. In veterinary medicine, as diagnostic tool development, PLCVC is diag...
Objectives: Although previous studies reported an association of serum vitamin D with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fructosamine, the relationships remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to identify the relationships of serum vitamin D with HbA1c and fructosamine independent of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: Total 227 adults (male 112 and female 115) who treated for type 2 diabetes in a general hospital participated in this study. The serum vitamin D, HbA1c, fructosamine and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured in participants who met the detailed inclusion criteria. The level of serum vitamin D was defined as follows; deficient: < 10.0 ng/mL, insufficient: 10.0-19.9 ng/mL, optimal: ≥ 20.0 ng/m. Results: In the analysis of covariance, after adjusted for other covariates including PTH, the means (standard error, SE) values of HbA1c became lower with higher serum vitamin D level (deficiency: 7.8 [0.2]%, insufficient: 7.5 [0.1]%, optimal: 7.2 [0.1]%, p = 0.015). Also, after adjusted for other covariates including PTH, the mean (SE) values of fructosamine became lower with higher serum vitamin D level (deficiency: 357.1 [13.1] µmol/L, insufficient: 344.5 [4.9] µmol/L, optimal: 313.3 [6.4] µmol/L, p = 0.001). However, the mean values of FBG were not significantly associated with the serum vitamin D level. Conclusions: There were significant associations of vitamin D with HbA1c and fructosamine independent of PTH, but there was no association of vitamin D with FBG in Korean type 2 diabetic patients.
Background/Aim: Congenital portosystemic shunt (PSS) is a vascular anomaly forming a direct communication between portal and central venous systems, thus bypassing the liver. This condition is related to various clinical symptoms including those manifesting in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary tract. Treatment of PSS includes medical management and surgery. When
In an experiment in which fermentation was done by adding fungal species that have antibiosis but do not have cellulase, the extraction amount of EGC, EC, EGCG, and ECG increased in all samples that fermented by adding sun-dried salt compared to those that fermented only with green tea after fermenting green tea by mixing it with sun-dried salt. In the analysis conducted according to the days of fermentation, the high extraction amounts of EGC(epigallocatechin), ECG(epicatechin gallate), EC(epicatechin), and EGCG(epigallocatechin gallate) were detected on the second and third day. Furthermore, when fermentation was done by adding ferment bacillus, all types of catechin(EGC, EC, EGCG, ECG) extraction increased in Paenibacillus spp but in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, EGC and EC decreased while EGCG and ECG increased; whereas in Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis all types of catechin(EGC, EC, EGCG, ECG) decreased.The results of the above experiment reveal that the largest amount of catechin was extracted from the result which conducted fermentation for three days together with sun-dried salt and Paenibacillus spp in the green tea.■ keyword :|Green Tea|Sun-dried Salt|Catechins|
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.