Background
Cognitive impairment is a commonly reported symptom with increasing life spans. Numerous studies have focused on identifying precise targets to relieve or reduce cognitive impairment; however, its underlying mechanism remains elusive. Most patients or animals exposed to addictive drugs exhibit cognitive impairment. Accordingly, the present review discusses the molecular changes induced by addictive drugs to clarify potential mechanisms that mediate cognitive impairments.
Main body
We investigated changes in cognitive function using four drugs: cannabinoids, ketamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine. Chronic administration of most addictive drugs reduces overall cognitive functions, such as working, spatial, and long-term recognition memories. Levels of several transcription factors involved in neuronal differentiation, as well as functional components of neurotransmitter receptors in neuronal cells, are reportedly altered. In addition, inflammatory factors showed a generally increasing trend. These impairments could be mediated by neuroinflammation, synaptic activity, and neuronal plasticity.
Conclusion
This review outlines the effects of acute or chronic drug use and potential molecular alterations in the central nervous system. In the central nervous system, addictive drug-induced changes in molecular pathways associated with cognitive function might play a pivotal role in elucidating the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment.
Since the implementation of the Stalking Punishment Act on October 21, 2021, reports and penalties for stalking crimes have been strengthened. This study attempted to analyze the characteristics of stalking crime types through empirical studies based on previous studies related to stalking at home and abroad. Based on the implementation of the Stalking Punishment Act on October 31, 2021, data related to stalking types were investigated, focusing on stalking case precedents, and whether there was a difference from the previous study. According to Kang So-young (2022)'s crime motivation type, it is classified into “relational demand type”, “problem-solving type”, and “anger type”, and based on this, it is intended to analyze the characteristics of stalking behavior and subjects..
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