To augment the current perspective on the tourism destination image formation process, this study highlights the concept of 'schema', which is a mental structure of perceiving and classifying acquired information or knowledge. This study first proposes two schema-related models that illustrate the image formation process before, during, and after the tourist trip. Specifically, this study enlists five Prime Tourist Destination Schemas entailing (1) place, (2) mega event, (3) crisis, (4) self, and (5) emotion to depict the destination image formation process that is constantly modified owing to its dissimilation with new information, wherein these information sources could affect the formation of the destination image before the trip. Once the tourist visits the destination, the schemas may be altered, resulting in three different types of conditions within the tourist's schematic fabric: congruity, moderate incongruity, and extreme incongruity. Accordingly, the resultant destination images after the trip may be labeled as an identical image, a moderately transformed image, or a largely transformed image based on experience input. Critical viewpoints in future model testing are furnished.

This research intends to augment the current literature on travel experience by examining the relationships between memorable travel experience and its reminiscence functions. It deploys a mixed method to achieve the study aim, using in-depth interviews and questionnaire surveys. By analyzing 318 study samples with confirmatory factory analyses, this research reveals four dimensions that could best explicate the memorable travel experience (i.e., novelty, social interaction, destination enthusiasm, and learning). Furthermore, memorable travel experience influences the three dimensions of the functions of memorable travel reminiscence (i.e., social, self, and direct). It is noted that memorable travel experience tends to affect social function the most. Relevant implications and suggestions for future study are furnished in the conclusion section.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, BS-B2T, which was isolated from a tidal flat sediment at Boseong in South Korea, was characterized taxonomically. Strain BS-B2T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The novel strain exhibited highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (97.4 %) to Marivita geojedonensis DPG-138T. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BS-B2T is closely related to Primorskyibacter sedentarius KMM 9018T, showing 96.5 % sequence similarity. Strain BS-B2T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the predominant fatty acid. The polar lipid profile of strain BS-B2T comprised phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid as major components, and differentiated it from the type strains of P. sedentarius and M. geojedonensis . The DNA G+C content of strain BS-B2T was 62.2 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data, demonstrated that strain BS-B2T can be distinguished from phylogenetically related genera as well as P. sedentarius and M. geojedonensis . On the basis of the data presented, strain BS-B2T is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Aestuariivita boseongensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Aestuariivita boseongensis is BS-B2T ( = KCTC 42052T = CECT 8532T).

A Gram-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated RA2-3(T), was isolated from a sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) collected from the South Sea, Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain RA2-3(T) was observed to grow optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0-7.5 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain RA2-3(T) exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values to the type strains of Litoreibacter meonggei (95.7 %), Planktotalea frisia (95.6 %), Thalassobius gelatinovorus (95.5 %) and Pelagicola litoralis (95.4 %). A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RA2-3(T) clustered with the type strains of Planktotalea frisia, Pelagicola litoralis, Pacificibacter maritimus and Roseovarius marinus. Strain RA2-3(T) was found to contain Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18:1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain RA2-3(T) were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain RA2-3(T) was 52.9 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic properties, strain RA2-3(T) is considered to represent a new genus and species within the family Rhodobacteraceae, for which the name Halocynthiibacter namhaensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of H. namhaensis is RA2-3(T) (=KCTC 32362(T)=NBRC 109999(T)).