We present near-IR (NIR) and optical observations of the Type Ic supernova (SN Ic) SN 2020oi in the galaxy M100 and the broad-lined SN Ic SN 2020bvc in UGC 9379, using Gemini, Las Cumbres Observatory, Southern Astrophysical Telescope, and other ground-based telescopes. The NIR spectrum of SN 2020oi at day 63 since the explosion shows strong CO emissions and a rising K-band continuum, which is the first unambiguous dust detection from an SN Ic. Non-LTE CO modeling shows that CO is still optically thick and that the lower limit to the CO mass is 10 −3 M e. The dust temperature is 810 K, and the dust mass is ∼10 −5 M e. We explore the possibilities that the dust is freshly formed in the ejecta, heated dust in the preexisting circumstellar medium, and an infrared echo. The light curves of SN 2020oi are consistent with a STELLA model with canonical explosion energy, 0.07 M e Ni mass, and 0.7 M e ejecta mass. A model of high explosion energy of 10 52 erg, 0.4 M e Ni mass, and 6.5 M e ejecta mass with the circumstellar matter reproduces the double-peaked light curves of SN 2020bvc. We observe temporal changes of absorption features of the IR Ca II triplet, S I at 1.043 μm, and Fe II at 5169 Å. The blueshifted lines indicate high velocities, up to 60,000 km s −1 for SN 2020bvc and 20,000 km s −1 for SN 2020oi, and the expansion velocity rapidly declines before the optical maximum. We present modeled spectral signatures and diagnostics of CO and SiO molecular bands between 1.4 and 10 μm.
Anxiety affects one-eighth of the total population worldwide and has become a very important area of research interest in psychopharmacology during this decade.1) Benzodiazepines are still the most frequently used drugs for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder despite their undesirable side effects such as muscle relaxation, sedation, physical dependence, memory disturbance, and interaction with other drugs. 2)In recent years, the development of new anxiolytics has been an area of interest. Various types of herbal medicines have been used as anxiolytic agents in different parts of the world.3) The root of the kava plant from the tropical Pacific region, St. John's wort extract from Europe, and the saponincontaining fraction of the leaves of Albizzia lebbeck from India are known to have anxiolytic effects. [4][5][6] Panax ginseng, as a folk medicine, is one of the most commonly and widely used herbal medicines in Oriental countries such as Korea, China, and Japan. Ginseng has also long been used traditionally for the treatment of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. It was reported that Panax ginseng extract stabilized sleeping in food-deprived rats.7) Ginseng saponins prolonged pentobarbital sleeping time and delayed the onset of convulsions when administered at high doses, effects that appear to be due to the GABA-benzodiazepinechloride channel complex. On the other hand, we reported that ginseng produced anxiolytic-like effects and the saponin fraction played an important role in the plus-maze model in mice.10) The present study was to know the anxiolytic potential of ginsenosides Rb 1 , Rg 1 , Rg 3 -R, Rg 3 -S, and the Rg 5 and Rk mixture in the elevated plus-maze, a behavioral test for anxiolytic drugs. Furthermore, the anxiolytic effects of ginsenosides and diazepam in the elevated plus-maze were compared to determine whether the behavioral profile of ginsenosides differed from that of the established anxiolytic diazepam. MATERIALS AND METHODS AnimalsMale ICR mice (Samtako, Korea) weighing 20-28 g, in groups of 10-15, were used in all experiments. Groups of 10 mice were housed in acrylic cages (45ϫ 60ϫ25 cm) with water and food available ad libitum under an artificial 12-h light/dark cycle (lights on at 07:00) and at a constant temperature (22Ϯ2°C). To ensure adaptation to the new environment, the mice were housed in the departmental holding room for 1 week before experiments.Experimental Compounds and Drug Ginsenosides Rb 1 , Rg 1 , Rg 3 ,-S, and Rg 3 ,-R, and the Rg 5 and Rk mixture were kindly provided by the Ginseng Science Inc. Rg 3 ,-S, Rg 3 ,-R, and the Rg 5 . and Rk mixture, which are not usually found in white ginseng, were isolated in ginseng steamed at high temperature. Those compounds are unique constituents of red and sun ginseng, and more abundant in sun ginseng than in red ginseng.11-13) Mice were given a single oral administration of each ginsenoside 60 min being placed on the elevated plus-maze. Diazepam (2 mg/kg, Dae-Won Pharmaceutical Co.) was administered orally...
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