The growth of titania nanowires by a simple metal oxidation process was investigated for both commercially pure α-Ti and Ti alloys including Ti64 and β-Ti under a limited supply of oxygen. The effects of processing variables including heat treatment temperature, gas flow rate, and process duration on the growth of nanowires were explored. Similarities and differences in the growth of nanowires on pure Ti versus Ti alloys were observed. While the growth window in terms of temperature and flow rate is narrow in pure Ti, the window is much wider in the alloys. However, the trend towards high temperature is similar in all the samples promoting faceted oxide crystal growth rather than nanowires.
The effect of a combined treatment using aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO ) and hot-air drying to inactivate Bacillus cereus spores on red chili peppers was evaluated. Ten washed and dried pepper samples, each comprising half of a single pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), were inoculated with B. cereus spore suspension. The inoculated samples were washed with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl; 50, 100, or 200 μg/mL) or ClO (50, 100, or 200 μg/mL) solution for 1 min and then air-dried (25 ± 1 °C, 47 ± 1% relative humidity), which was followed by drying with hot air at 55 °C for up to 48 h. The spore populations on the samples were enumerated and their a and chromaticity values were measured. The spore numbers immediately after treatment with NaOCl and ClO were not significantly different. A more rapid reduction in spore numbers was observed in the samples treated with ClO than those treated with NaOCl during drying. A combined treatment of ClO and hot-air drying significantly reduced the spore populations to below the detection limit (1.7 log CFU/sample). B. cereus spores on chili peppers were successfully inactivated by washing with ClO solution followed by hot-air drying whereas the pepper color was maintained.
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