Aim:To develop a mucosal inactivated vaccines for Newcastle disease (ND) and H9N2 viruses to protect against these viruses at sites of infections through mucosal immunity.Materials and Methods:In this study, we prepared two new formulations for mucosal bivalent inactivated vaccine formulations for Newcastle and Avian Influenza (H9N2) based on the use of nanoparticles and polymer adjuvants. The prepared vaccines were delivered via intranasal and spray routes of administration in specific pathogen-free chickens. Cell-mediated and humoral immune response was measured as well as challenge trial was carried out. In addition, ISA71 water in oil was also evaluated.Results:Our results showed that the use of spray route as vaccination delivery method of polymer and nanoparticles Montanide™ adjuvants revealed that it enhanced the cell mediated immune response as indicated by phagocytic activity, gamma interferon and interleukin 6 responses and induced protection against challenge with Newcastle and Avian Influenza (H9N2) viruses.Conclusion:The results of this study demonstrate the potentiality of polymer compared to nanoparticles adjuvantes when used via spray route. Mass application of such vaccines will add value to improve the vaccination strategies against ND virus and Avian influenza viruses.
In this paper, the miniaturized microstrip diplexer has been designed for dual channels based on FR4 substrate material. It consists of two bandpass filters (BPFs) functioning under dissimilar frequency bands coupled with a unified junction. Every BPF has been created by a meandered line resonator, step impedance resonator, uniform impedance resonator, and input/output feed lines. The AWR electromagnetic simulator has been used for characterizing the frequency responses of the projected diplexer. Noble scattering parameter results with narrow band responses and negative group delay values are obtained for the proposed diplexer. The microstrip diplexer has an interesting band isolation between the two filters around 31 dB. The device has been successfully fabricated and verified with the simulations.
The projection technique is one of the famous method and highly useful to solve the optimization problems and nonlinear systems of equations. In this work, a new projection approach for solving systems of nonlinear monotone equation is proposed combining with the conjugate gradient direction because of their low storage. The new algorithm can be used to solve the large-scale nonlinear systems of equations and satisfy the sufficient descent condition. The new algorithm generates appropriate direction then employs a good line search along this direction to reach a new point. If this point solves the problem then the algorithm stops, otherwise, it constructs a suitable hyperplane that strictly separate the current point from the solution set. The next iteration is obtained by projection the new point onto the separating hyperplane. We proved that the line search of the new projection algorithm is well defined. Furthermore, we established the global convergence under some mild conditions. The numerical experiment indicates that the new method is effective and very well.
H PAI viruses is a source of major concern for poultry and human health. The hemagglutinin (HA) genes of subtype H5 evolved through reassortment with various neuraminidase subtypes (1-9) to comprise AI H5NX viruses. The co-circulation of group A viruses with low patho-genic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses resulted in emergence of novel reassortants; H5N1 and H5N8 (El-Shesheny et al., 2017). H5N8 viruses has been emerged in Asia since 2010 where the first outbreaks in breeding ducks occurred in China then South Korea, Japan and Taiwan 2014. then quickly spread to other continents as Europe, North America and Africa (Lee et al., 2014).
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