The general aims of the biological treatment of wastewater (BTW) are to convert (i.e., oxidizes) dissolved and particulate decomposable elements into satisfactory end products. Biological process produces huge quantity of biological wastewater sludge composed of water, microorganisms, and organic and inorganic constituents, for example, phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N 2) as well as many contaminants such as substantial metals, organic pollutants and pathogen in waste sludge. BTW is affected by various factors, among which temperature is the major one. In coldest and hottest regions, there are enormous challenges, and it is difficult to understand what the optimal treatment of wastewater is, particularly if the temperature is changed from less than 4 °C and more than 70 °C. This article presents an exhaustive review of previous studies and suggests a direction for future developments. It is expected that this study will make understanding of behavior of the biological treatment during extreme circumstances.
The objective of the present study to assess the performance of a suggested sewer line by using pipe jacking system (PJS) in order to enhance the sewage capacity and mitigate sewer flooding of historic pilgrimage city of Karbala, Iraq. The storm water management model (SWMM5) was used for this purpose. The simulation of exiting sewer system reveals that sewer discharge during peak pilgrimage period is more than 200% of the capacity of existing sewer line. Installation of SLL having a diameter of 2.5 m at a depth ranging between 12 and 22 m by PJS can reduce water depth in sewer pipe by 78%. The reduction of water depth at sewer pipe can reduce sewer overflow up to 70%, if the system is installed and managed properly. The methodology proposed in the paper can be applied in any location having similar problem with necessary modifications.
Wastewater heat recovery (HR) is one of the renewable energy sources. The associated harmful environmental, health, and social effects of traditional biomass, fossil fuel, and other polluted sources have enhanced the growing interest in the search for an alternate cleaner energy source globally. The major objective of this study is to develop a model to assess the impacts of wastewater flow (WF), the temperature of wastewater (TW), and internal temperature in sewer pipes (TA) on the performance of HR. Sanitary sewer networks in Karbala city of Iraq were chosen as a case study in the present research. Statistical and physically based models such as the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), Multiple-Linear Regression (MLR), and Structural Equation Model (SEM) were used for this purpose. The model outputs were analyzed to assess the performance of HR in the context of changing WF, TW, and TA. The results showed that the total amount of HR from wastewater in Karbala city center during the 70 days was 136,000 Mw. The study clearly showed that WF in Karbala played a major role in HR. Basically, the heat from wastewater is CO2-free and represents a significant opportunity for the energy transition in the heating market.
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