Blockchain has emerged as a promising technology to ensure trust between parties. By using this technology, we can establish a secure communication paradigm, where data integrity and immutability can be guaranteed. These inherited features underline blockchain as a suitable technology to optimise the adopted processing model in several domains, such as health, trade supply chain and food safety. In this paper, we present a detailed overview of the use of blockchain technology in (international) trade supply chains. Furthermore, the discussed proposals have been classified based on the target application scenarios. Our goal is to clarify the benefits of applying this technology to the trading domain and highlight the challenges that are associated with applying this technology to optimise the trading domain. Accordingly, we underline several issues that occur during the designing of the blockchain solution to optimise the (international) trade supply chain.INDEX TERMS Blockchain technology, distributed ledger, Dubai customs, trade supply chain, world customs organization.
Limited energy is the most critical constraint that limits the capabilities of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Most sensors operate on batteries with limited power. Battery recharging or replacement may be impossible. Security mechanisms that are based on public key cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and digital signatures are prohibitively expensive in terms of energy consumption and storage requirements, and thus unsuitable for WSN applications. This paper proposes a new fragile watermarking technique to detect unauthorized alterations in WSN data streams. We propose the FWC-D scheme, which uses group delimiters to keep the sender and receivers synchronized and help them to avoid ambiguity in the event of data insertion or deletion. The watermark, which is computed using a hash function, is stored in the previous group in a linked-list fashion to ensure data freshness and mitigate replay attacks, FWC-D generates a serial number SN that is attached to each group to help the receiver determines how many group insertions or deletions occurred. Detailed security analysis that compares the proposed FWC-D scheme with SGW, one of the latest integrity schemes for WSNs, shows that FWC-D is more robust than SGW. Simulation results further show that the proposed scheme is much faster than SGW.
Wireless sensors typically operate in uncontrolled and possibly hostile environment. Thus, sensors have a high risk of being captured and compromised by an adversary. Traditional security schemes are computationally expensive, because they introduce overhead which shortens the life of the sensors. Watermarking schemes are usually light weight and do not require extensive computing and power resources in comparison with traditional security techniques. Thus they can be attractive alternative for wireless sensor applications. This paper proposes a fragile watermarking scheme S-SGW to provide integrity for sensor data. The proposed scheme is a simplification of a technique proposed by Guo et.al. [17] for data streams. S-SGW requires less computing power than the original technique and thus; more suitable for WSNs. Yet it provides the same sensitivity to malicious updates. Data elements generated by sensors are organized into groups with variable sizes. A secret watermark is generated from every two consecutive groups. The watermark is then embedded in the earlier group by replacing the least significant bits in the data element. The security analysis S-SGW is similar to that of Guo et.al. technique, thus, the experimental section compares the performance and overhead of the two techniques. The experimental results show that watermark composition as well as the embedding and the extraction algorithms of the S-SGW are much faster than that of Guo et.al.
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