In order to understand travellers’ willingness to use the train in Petaling Jaya, this study adds four predictors - situational factors, trust, novelty seeking and external influence - to the existing model of theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The study collected research data from employees in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, resulting in valuable data of 400 participants. Results indicate that attitude, perceived behavioural control, and subjective norm are found to have positive effects on the behavioural intention of taking the train. Furthermore, novelty seeking and external influence also have positive influences on attitude. While the three antecedents of trust were found to have an indirect positive effect on commuters’ intention to take the train via attitude, subjective norm and PBC. Situational factors were found to have an indirect negative significant influence on people’s intention to take the train through perceived behavioural control.
Many researchers highlighted that the rail-based public transport system is not the people's favourite means of transportation in the Urban Rail Development Plan (2013) plus the Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan (2020). The policy-makers focused on this issue while planning the urban transportation system in Klang Valley, Malaysia. This region has undergone rapid growth in the past few years with regards to their geographical signifi cance and population size. However, this increased traffi c congestion in the city. In this study, the researcher has aimed to investigate and increase the accessibility of the commuters to and from their homes by the train systems in the Klang Valley.
In structural and civil engineering, reinforced concrete structures are susceptible to inordinate loadings such as earthquake disasters, terrorist attacks and accidental impacts. This prompts an increasing desire to strengthen as well as enhance the fatigue performance and extend the ability of fatigue life of reinforced concrete structural components especially beams. Since 2003, Iraq has suffered major damage to the structural buildings, so it has become an important issue to study the existing concrete structures. Among the different techniques of rehabilitation of existing structures, fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) as an external bonding has been considered as a popular one. This paper reviews several features of Reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with FRP. Also this paper aims to impart a comprehensive insight on adhesive curing, surface arrangement, and failure modes of RC beams modified with FRP. This effect of FRP for enhancing the techniques of rehabilitation is a three-fold task, to strengthen and retrofit of concrete structures, to extend the fatigue life of the structural element, and eliminates the crack growth rate.
Reinforced concrete deep beams are structural elements that primarily pass-heavy gravity loads to their supports by shearing action. High shear strength is a significant feature of deep beams. This is due to the tied-arch internal a mechanism which transmits the load directly via concrete compressive struts to the supports. Various researchers and codes of practice that vary in principle have suggested different meanings for RC deep beams. Several researchers have also developed different shear strength prediction models and codes for the calculation of the shear strength of deep beams by analytical models and comprehensive services for exams. There seems to be, however, no consensus on which description properly classifies what a deep beam is and which paradigm creates a great result that similar to experimental values, the value of shear strength of beams. The research compared the concepts and evaluated deep beam shear capacity models based on data from 210 deep beams according to different code provisions acquired in literature. The ACI-318 code description concept was found to provide the most practical characterization of a deep beam, while its shear strength model, based on the method of the strut-and-tie model, offers the best estimate for a deep beam’s shear strength.
Asphalt cement is a viscoelastic substance that operates like an elastic solid at low service temperatures or under rapid loading. Whenever loaded slowly or at high temperatures, it behaves like a viscous liquid. This classic duality necessitates enhancing the efficiency of an asphalt binder to decrease stress cracking at cold temperatures (fatigue) and plastic deformation at hot temperatures (rutting). The use of polymer-modified asphalt binder is one solution for satisfying today's pavement performance standards. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of asphalt cement modifiers on the physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement. This study used asphalt cement with a penetration grade of 40-50, modified with styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) at four different levels of modification, specifically 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight of asphalt cement. Depending on Rotational viscosity and dynamic shear rheometer, and the traditional test. The mixes modified with SBR polymer showed enhanced physical and rheology characteristics, with decreased penetration and ductility and increased viscosity and softening point, as well as a lower rutting factor, indicating an increase in rutting resistance, according to the experimental data. The performance grade for original asphalt cement was 64-16, and for SBR at 2% additive, the original PG was improved to PG70-16. Adding 4% additive to asphalt cement improved the performance grade to PG76-16, and using 6% increased the performance grade to PG82-16.
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