Visual impact assessment studies are reasonably substantial to understand an environment which has different features. The aim of this study is to evaluate the visual impact of the Istanbul Land-wall and contribute to future design/planning stages. For this purpose, the study area was separated into four different spatial usages which are recreational, transportation, agricultural and neglected places. Twenty-four different photographs were taken and a survey was conducted upon an expert and a public sample group. The public survey included four parameters: well-kept, exciting, safety and beautiful scenery. The expert survey also involved four parameters which were coherence, imageability, stewardship and historicity. One-way ANOVA test was conducted to reveal sample groups’ effect on the preferences. The results showed that the average scores of photographs evaluated by public and experts were 11.07 and 9.80 scores respectively. In the public survey, the photograph, has the lowest scores for all parameters, was Photo-11 (P11). Experts’ result shows particularly that historicity is lower than the others although the area is a historical region. Specifically, neglected places obtained lower scores than the other spatial types. Consequently, the Istanbul Land-wall does not have adequate visual quality regarding the selected parameters.
Çim alanlar, insanoğlunun dış mekânlarda gösterdiği rekreasyonel aktivitelerde görsel zenginliğinin yanı sıra fonksiyonel işlevleri ile de uzun zamandır çalışma konusu olarak araştırmalara dâhil olmuştur. Dış mekân rekreasyonel aktivitelerinde sıkça karşımıza çıkan çim alanlar, özellikle spor sahalarının vazgeçilmez bir parçasıdır. Futbol, bu aktivitelerin en başında gelen spor dalı olarak yüzyıllardır hâkimiyetini korumaktadır. Günümüzde futbol, bu sporu icra edenler için bir meslek, takip edenler açısından ise bir tutku anlamına gelmektedir. Bu sporun en önemli gösteri yerleri de futbol sahaları ya da stadyumlardır. Kaliteli ve zevk veren futbol oyununun icrası için gerekli unsurların başında ise; sağlıklı ve futbola elverişli müsabaka alanları gelmektedir. Sağlıklı ve elverişli bir futbol sahasının tesis edilebilmesi için de çim zeminin homojen ve tekdüze bir yapıya sahip olması son yıllarda futbol oyunun vazgeçilmez bir unsuru haline gelmiştir. 19. Yüzyılda başlayan ve 20. Yüzyılda devam eden el ile çim tohumu ekme işlemi, 1990'lı yıllarda hibrit çim teknolojisinin geliştirilmeye başlanması ile farklı bir boyut kazanmıştır. Hibrit çim teknolojisinin en yaygın kullanım alanları ise kuşkusuz futbol sahaları olarak görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma; çim ve hibrit çim tanımlarını, hibrit çim özelliklerini, hibrit çim bileşenlerini, hibrit çim ile oluşturulmuş futbol sahalarının diğer çim alan tesis tekniklerine göre avantajları ile dezavantajlarını ve özellikle futbol sahalarında hibrit çim uygulama aşamasının ne şekilde gerçekleştirildiğini ortaya koymaktadır.
The propagation of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. using seeds is important for the creation of new cultivars, but it can be fraught with difficulty. Therefore, the effects of optimal cytokinin doses and culture media on the germination inhibition and micropropagation of seeds in C. Monogyna were investigated. The germination, shoot formation, and propagation in mature seed embryos were compared in Murashige ve Skoog (MS) and Linsmaier ve Skoog (L&S) nutrient media containing 3 mg/L BA(6-benzyladenine) and 0.5–1–2 mg/L kinetin. It was observed that the culture media influenced germination. The germination rate was higher in the MS medium (100%). Shoot proliferation was higher in MS (4.4 shoots per explant). The highest mean results were obtained in both media containing 3 mg/L BA + 1 mg/L kinetin. Root formation and shoot proliferation occurred in 56% of the explants cultured on the germination medium, and 68% rooting was achieved in the medium supplemented with 1 mg/L indoleacetic acid using the two-stage rooting procedure. Regenerated shoots were successfully rooted and transferred to ex vitro conditions. The results provide a solid basis for testing clonal propagation and efficient generative propagation of selected hawthorn genotypes with fruits of superior quality. Study Implications: In this study, the germination barrier of seeds of Crateagus monogyna was removed by the tissue culture method. The seeds germinated within 1 week. In addition, direct material was obtained for clonal production without the need for rejuvenation studies in micropropagation, and a large number of seedlings were obtained. As a result, it has been determined that this species and similar forest trees can be used in mass production owing to their brief microproduction for the protection of species in forestry and reforestation applications.
Urban studies are crucial to comprehend an environment with physical, social and psychological structures. There is no doubt that environmental psychology studies are important to this topic. This is why this research aims at presenting the city image of Istanbul Historic Peninsula through academicians’ perspective. The study analyzes the relationships among safe, unsafe, likeable, unlikeable, preferable and unpreferable urban elements, and concludes a general city image of the research area. We conducted 32 surveys with other scholars and analyzed the surveys via MAXQDA 2018 Analytics Pro program. To obtain reliable results, the Kuckartz–Rädikers zeta similarity analysis was conducted and the similarity value was obtained as “0.86”. The results show that the landmarks and districts are dominant in verbal maps. As for hand-drawn maps, landmarks and urban nodes are more dominant than other elements. Moreover, there are similarities between unsafe and unlikeable elements, and between likeable and safe elements. In conclusion, the urban legibility and image are intensively dominant in the eastern side of the research area (Atatürk Boulevard-oriented area) because of negative psychological boundaries.
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