The aims of this study were to test whether the shear bond strengths (SBS) of three commercially available colour change adhesives (CCAs), Transbond Plus Color Change Adhesive, Grēngloo, and Blūgloo, are different and to compare their bond strengths with a traditional light cure adhesive, Light Bond. Forty-eight human permanent premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons and without any caries or visible defects were used in this study. The brackets were bonded with Light Bond (group I), Grēngloo (group II), Blūgloo (group III), and Transbond Plus CCA (group IV). After bonding, the SBS of the brackets were tested with a Universal testing machine. Analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between groups I and IV (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found between groups II, III, and IV (P > 0.05). Adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores for all groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Significant difference existed between the SBS of Transbond Plus CCA and Light Bond. Although Transbond Plus CCA yielded the lowest SBS values, no statistically significant difference was found between bond strength values of the three commercially available CCAs. All three CCAs can be safely used in orthodontic practice since they yielded acceptable bond strengths. A higher incidence of ARI scores 4 and 5 revealed that bond failures in all test groups were mainly at the adhesive interface.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and surgically assisted RME (SARME) in the sagittal, vertical, and transverse planes. Study design: Orthodontic records of 28 patients were selected retrospectively and divided into two treatment groups. Group 1 comprised 14 patients (4 boys, 10 girls, mean age 14.2 ± 0.74 years) who had been treated with RME. Group 2 comprised 14 patients (4 boys, 10 girls, mean age 19.6 ± 2.73 years) who had been treated with SARME. Measurements were performed on lateral and posteroanterior cephalograms and dental casts obtained before (T0) and after (T1) expansion. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in soft tissue convexity angle, anterior face height, and upper nasal width in group 1, and in U1–NA length and posterior face height measurements in group 2 (P<.05). In both groups significant increases were found in interpremolar, intermolar, maxillary, and lower nasal widths and in anterior lower face height (P<.01). Statistically significant intergroup differences were found in the ANB angle (P<.05) and maxillary intercanine (P<.01) measurements. Conclusion: With both RME and SARME, successful expansion of maxillary dentoalveolar structures and nasal cavity and palatal widening were achieved. Sagittal plane effects of SARME were similar to those of RME on dental skeletal and airway measurements. Key words: Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion, Rapid maxillary expansion, Airway, Transverse deficiency.

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects fluorosis and self etching primers (SEP) on shear bond strengths (SBS) of orthodontic brackets.MethodsA total of 48 (24 fluorosed and 24 non-fluorosed) non-carious freshly extracted human permanent premolar teeth were used in this study. Fluorosed teeth were selected according to the modified Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (TFI), which is based on the clinical changes in fluorosed teeth. Fluorosed and non-fluorosed teeth were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 12 each. In groups I (non-fluorosed teeth) and II (fluorosed teeth), standard etching protocol was used and brackets were bonded with Light Bond. In groups III (non-fluorosed teeth) and IV (fluorosed teeth), Transbond Plus SEP was used and brackets were bonded with Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive. All specimens were cured with a halogen light. After bonding, SBS of the brackets were tested with Universal testing machine. After debonding, all teeth and brackets in the test groups were examined under 10x magnifications. Any adhesive remained after debonding was assessed and scored according to the modified Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI).ResultsANOVA indicated a significant difference between groups (P<.001). SBS in group II (Light Bond+Fluorosis) were significantly lower than other groups. ARI scores of the groups were also significantly different (P<.001). There was a greater frequency of ARI scores of 1,2 and 3 in group II (Light Bond+Fluorosis).ConclusionsWhen standard etching protocol was used enamel fluorosis significantly decreased the bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Satisfactory bond strengths were obtained when SEP was used for bonding brackets to the fluorosed teeth.

The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of brackets bonded to fluorosed and non-fluorosed teeth with self-etching primer (SEP) and phosphoric acid (PA). The study involved 40 mildly fluorosed [Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TFT) Index = 1-3] and 40 non-fluorosed human premolar teeth. The fluorosed and non-fluorosed teeth were randomly divided into two subgroups. In the first subgroup, 37 per cent PA was applied for 30 seconds and in the second, a SEP (Transbond Plus) was used. The brackets were bonded with light-cure adhesive paste (Transbond XT) and cured for 20 seconds. The SBSs were measured after 1000 thermocyclies. Two-way analysis of variance, Tukey's multiple comparison test, and Weibull analysis were used for the evaluation of SBS values. Bond failure locations were determined with the adhesive remnant index (ARI) and were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests. The mean SBS was 9.01 MPa for the fluorosed teeth bonded with SEP. This value was significantly different from those of fluorosed teeth etched with PA (15.22 MPa) and non-fluorosed teeth conditioned with SEP (12.95 MPa) and PA (15.37 MPa). The ARI scores of the fluorosed teeth conditioned with SEP were significantly lower than those of non-fluorosed teeth conditioned with SEP or PA. The results of this in vitro study suggest that there are no differences in the SBS of orthodontic brackets between mildly fluorosed and non-fluorosed enamel etched with 37 per cent PA for 30 seconds. The SEP showed lower SBS values for orthodontic brackets bonded to mildly fluorosed enamel. The findings provide some evidence that routine clinical use of a SEP to bond brackets to mildly fluorosed teeth cannot be supported.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of different intracoronal bleaching methods on the shear bond strengths (SBS) of orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: Sixty freshly extracted mandibular incisors were randomly divided into four groups (n 5 15 per group). After filling the root canals, root fillings were removed 2 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction, and a 2-mm-thick layer of zinc-phosphate cement base was applied. Group 1 served as the control. Intracoronal bleaching was performed with hydrogen peroxide (Opalacence Endo, Ultradent products Inc, South Jordan, Utah) in group 2, sodium perborate (Sultan Healthcare, Englewood, NJ) in group 3, and 37% carbamide peroxide (Whiteness Super Endo, Dentscare, ltda, Joinville, Brazil) in group 4. Orthodontic brackets were bonded with a light cure composite resin and cured with an LED light. After bonding, the SBS of the brackets was tested with a Universal testing machine. Results: Analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between groups (P , .001). The highest values for SBS were measured in group 1 (10.15 6 1.15 MPa). The SBS was significantly lower in groups 2, 3, and 4 than in group 1 (P , .001). The lowest values for SBS were measured in group 3 (6.17 6 0.85 MPa). SBS was significantly higher in group 4 than in group 3 (P , .05). Conclusions: Intracoronal bleaching significantly affected the SBS of orthodontic brackets on human enamel. Bleaching with sodium perborate affects SBS more adversely than does bleaching with other agents. (Angle Orthod. 2012;82:942-946.)

Objective:This in vitro study aimed to compare the microleakage of orthodontic brackets between enamel-adhesive and adhesive-bracket interfaces at the occlusal and gingival margins bonded with different adhesive systems.Materials and Methods:A total of 144 human maxillary premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons was randomly divided into four groups. Each group was then further divided into three sub-groups. Three total-etching bonding systems (Transbond XT, Greengloo and Kurasper F), three one-step self-etching bonding systems (Transbond Plus SEP, Bond Force and Clearfil S3), three two-step self-etching bonding systems (Clearfil SE Bond, Clearfil Protectbond and Clearfil Liner Bond), and three self-adhesive resin cements (Maxcem Elite, Relyx U 100 and Clearfil SA Cement) were used to bond the brackets to the teeth. After bonding, all teeth were sealed with nail varnish and stained with 0.5% basic fuchsine for 24 h. All samples were sectioned and examined under a stereomicroscope to score for microleakage at the adhesive–enamel and adhesive–bracket interfaces from both occlusal and gingival margins.Statistical Analysis Used:Statistical analyses were performed with Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.Results:The results indicate no statistically significant differences between the microleakage scores of the adhesives; microleakage was detected in all groups. Comparison of the average values of the microleakage scores in the enamel–adhesive and adhesive–bracket interfaces indicated statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). The amount of the microleakage was higher at the enamel–adhesive interface than at the bracket-adhesive interface.Conclusions:All of the brackets exhibited some amount of microleakage. This result means that microleakage does not depend on the type of adhesive used.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of different bleaching methods on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: Forty-five freshly extracted premolars were randomly divided into three groups (n 5 15 per group). In group I, bleaching was performed with the office bleaching method. In group II, bleaching was performed with the home bleaching method. Group III served as the control. Orthodontic brackets were bonded with a light cure composite resin and cured with an LED light. After bonding, the SBS of the brackets were tested with a Universal testing machine. Results: Analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between groups (P , .001). The highest values for SBS were measured in group III (20.99 6 2.32 MPa). The SBS was significantly lower in groups I and II than in group III (P , .001). The lowest values for SBS were measured in group II (6.42 6 0.81 MPa). SBS was significantly higher in group I than in group II (P , .001). Conclusions: Both of the bleaching methods significantly affected the SBS of orthodontic brackets on human enamel. Bleaching with the home bleaching method affected SBS more adversely than did bleaching with the office bleaching method. (Angle Orthod. 2013;83:686-690.)

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