DOI to the publisher's website.• The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review.• The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal.If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the "Taverne" license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement:

No abstract

Abstract:The increasing number of distributed generation (DG) units in the distribution systems poses a challenge on protection systems in terms of coordination. In addition, the single characteristic based conventional protection causes an increase in the primary operation time of the relays due to the coordination between relay pairs. As a consequence, earlier studies investigated the utilization of non-standard characteristics and protection schemes in order to ease the insufficiencies of the standard approach. However, a commonly accepted protection approach that mitigates the effect of DG while providing lower primary operating time by levering the benefits of the non-standard protection strategy has not been developed so far. In order to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks of traditional protection, this paper firstly introduces a non-standard characteristic and then proffers an unconventional protection strategy, which utilizes a double characteristic.The suggested protection approach is tested on the IEEE 14 Bus distribution system including synchronous generator based DG connection. The results show that the proposed characteristic and protection scheme are able to provide a substantial decrease in the operation time of the relays while meeting the coordination requirements.

No abstract

Photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems and their optimal energy management are still being actively studied. PV systems must be positioned at optimal tilt and azimuth angles to obtain maximum system performance. This paper presents the effect of energy management of a grid-connected PV-battery-load system on optimal PV placement using a linear programing (LP) method. The optimal placement of PV arrays aims to minimize the electricity cost of a fixed PV system for investors by considering monthly average daily global radiation, ambient temperature, wind speed, demand management constraints, and electricity tariffs in Turkey. The analysis is extended to consider 68 locations across Turkey. The analysis reveals that the optimal placement (optimal tilt and azimuth angle) can be different from that of previous studies because of multiple objective considerations. The optimal tilt angle results are lower than the local latitude in the range of 0 deg–8 deg in all regions. Furthermore, the optimal azimuth angle results are in the range of 6 deg–24 deg westbound throughout Turkey. These results can play a significant role for investments in the design of grid-connected PV-battery-load systems.