Sulfation roasting followed by water leaching has been proposed as an alternative route for recycling valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In the present work, the reaction mechanism of the sulfation roasting of synthetic LiCoO 2 was investigated by both thermodynamic calculations and roasting experiments under flowing 10% SO 2 -1% O 2 -89% Ar gas atmosphere at 700°C. The products and microstructural evolution processes were characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. It was confirmed that Co 3 O 4 was formed as an intermedia product, and the final roasted products were composed by Li 2 SO 4 , Li 2 Co(SO 4 ) 2 , and CoO. The leaching results indicated that 99.5% Li and 17.4% Co could be recovered into water after 120 min of roasting. The present results will provide the basis and solid guidelines for recycling of Li and Co from spent LIBs.
Improving metal-slag separation in pyrometallurgical processes is increasingly important. Due to the harsh conditions, direct observations of the molten phases behavior in the settler of the Outotec Flash Smelting Furnace (FSF) are not possible and the ways to improve metal settling can only be studied by simulation and modelling. This study focuses on kinetics and mechanisms of the chemical reactions between matte droplets and slag, which were investigated in laboratory scale heat-quench equipment at typical smelting temperature of 1300 °C as a function of time in both air and argon atmosphere. The reaction mechanism in the FSF settler was formulated and results in argon atmosphere also indicate that the oxidation of cuprous sulfide by ferric ions in the slag contribute strongly to the copper losses in the slag.
The modelling of different parts of Submerged Arc Furnace(SAF) used in ferroalloy production has been investigated and the summary showed that both 2D and 3D simulations will help to improve the process for ferroalloys production. However, most of the developed models are in lack of verification from the industry, which needs to be studied or improved in future. And the modelling on electrodes and lining of SAF is helpful for better understanding the inside environment of the furnace hence decreasing the breaking of electrodes, prolonging the lifetime of lining. Modelling of converters for ferroalloy refining -Creusot Loire Uddeholm (CLU)showed some useful results in terms of mass transfer coefficients, mixing times and plume characteristics.
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