Heavy rainfall months of more than 450 mm occur in all 56 meteorological stations in eight climatic zones of Vietnam during the rainy season from April to September in the north (>20 ∘ N), from August to December in the centre and from May to November in the south (<12 ∘ N). The severity of an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode, expressed as the integral of sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) in the central tropical Pacific over the duration, shows a 4.6-fold (2.3-fold) increase in number of heavy rainfall months during La Niña (El Niño) per unit change in severity during the 1960-2009 period, suggesting a twin peak occurrence with both ENSO extremes. A heavy rainfall index (HRI) links heavy rainfall months to the rainy season duration, and allows evaluation of the rainfall severity per station, climatic zone and ENSO cycle. For the deltas and central climatic zones, seasonal rainfall and number of heavy rainfall months are significantly higher at the p < 0.05 level during La Niña than during El Niño episodes. Interpolated seasonal rainfall shows distinct differences between regions, with location having a larger effect than ENSO cycles on monthly rainfall amounts. Twenty-year return monthly rainfall derived from generalized Pareto distributions for peak over thresholds range from 475 mm in the central highlands to 2185 mm in the central coast. The spatial and temporal patterns of heavy monthly rainfall help explain flooding and paddy inundation which occur at least twice as frequent during La Niña as compared to El Niño conditions, particularly in Central Vietnam. The relation of HRI with both 20-year return levels and ENSO cycles offers opportunities for fast screening of impacts in a wider region of Southeast Asia. Because ENSO cycles have an impact on flooding and paddy inundation, it provides prospects for early warning, differentiated for different zones and rainfall regimes.
28 years (1980–2007) of station and gridded reanalysis data were used to investigate the effects of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on autumn rainfall in the Extended Central Vietnam (ECV) region. Results show that, under El Niño conditions, autumn rainfall in Central Vietnam is reduced by about 10 to 30%. This reduction seems to be caused by a weakening of the North East monsoon circulation, which appears to be linked to an anomalous anticyclonic vortex and a positive sea level pressure anomaly over the East Sea. In addition, the disappearance of a secondary moisture source over the southern region of the East Sea also favors the reduction in rainfall over this region. Conversely, during La Niña, the total autumn rainfall in the ECV region increases by about 9 to 19%. The strengthening of the North East monsoon, with a cyclonic wind anomaly over the East Sea, helps to increase the moisture supply to the area by about 10 to 20%, resulting in enhanced rainfall in the ECV. It is also found that the La Niña conditions do not only cause an increase in rainfall, but also change the temporal distribution of the monthly rainfall over the region, with more rainfall in the latter months of the year.
The acticle presents a method for minimizing energy exploitation of the ship through reducing ship resistances. Ship resistances include water resistances caused by frictions of water and waves acting on hull part in the water and air resistance acting on the hull part above water surface. To reduce the resistance caused by water friction, the authors proposed a method which intervene directly on the boundary layer of ship hull by the creating a gas injection foaming layer. To reduce air resistance, the authors used CFD method to optimaze arrangement of container on deck for a container ship. Obtained results showed that the proposed method help to save 5-8% of the consuming energy.
Background: After nearly a decade, Vietnam’s basic midwifery competency standards need to be updated to effectively implement midwives, enhance the quality of midwifery human resources to meet the requirements of integration of countries in the region and around the world. This study aims to develop the competency standards for midwifery in Vietnam by using a Delphi process. Methods: The draft midwifery competency standard was initially developed based on a literature review. Midwives and professionals working with midwives completed a two-round Delphi survey to evaluate the relevance of standards of competence on a four-point Likert scale. The criteria with consensus of under 80% were revised and included in the second round. 75 participants were in the first round and 72 participants were in the second round. Phase 3 was led by the Ministry of Health to finalize the consensus on the midwifery competency standards in Vietnam. Results: The research results indicated that midwifery competency was mostly rated as quite relevant or higher (over 80%). Some standards were removed, and some were included in the second round of the Delphi process. The final competency standards were issued with 4 areas (midwifery professional practice; care management; midwifery management; professional development), 11 standards and 44 criteria; along with the general skills of midwifery. Conclusions: The study developed a midwifery competency standard in Vietnam. These competency standards are consistent with the perceptions of the International Confederation of Midwives and the domestic midwifery context. The higher education institutions, employers, policy makers and midwives themselves benefit from this developed midwifery competency standards. Future research needs to be conducted to validate midwifery competency standards in clinical settings for further responses.
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