Effective therapy for Alzheimer’s disease is a major challenge in the pharmaceutical sciences. There are six FDA approved drugs (e.g., donepezil, memantine) that show some effectiveness; however, they only relieve symptoms. Two factors hamper research. First, the cause of Alzheimer’s disease is not fully understood. Second, the blood-brain barrier restricts drug efficacy. This review summarized current knowledge relevant to both of these factors. First, we reviewed the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Next, we reviewed the structural and biological properties of the blood-brain barrier. We then described the most promising drug delivery systems that have been developed in recent years; these include polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles and cyclodextrins. Overall, we aim to provide ideas and clues to design effective drug delivery systems for penetrating the blood-brain barrier to treat Alzheimer’s disease.
A simple, practical, and highly efficient synthesis of pyrazoles and indazoles via copper-catalyzed direct aerobic oxidative C(sp(2))-H amination has been reported herein. This process tolerated a variety of functional groups under mild conditions. Further diversification of pyrazoles was also investigated, which provided its potential for drug discovery.
An aerobic oxidative cross-coupling reaction of alkenes with polyfluorobenzenes, through palladium-catalyzed allylic C-H activation, is reported. This attractive route provides a new way to forge allylic C-C bonds of valuable products, in good yields, with high regioselectivity.
A new palladium-catalyzed diacetoxylation of alkenes using oxygen as the sole oxidant to afford diacetates was developed. High levels of diastereoselectivity in diacetoxylation of 1,2-disubstituted alkenes was obtained.
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