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Background:The effect of COVID-19 on the manufacturing industry in China has resulted in increased employee psychological pressure and job insecurity. This study uses a theoretical model to identify the links between job insecurity and life satisfaction, and further explores the multilevel moderating effect underlying these links. Methods: Based on the conservation of resources theory, a hierarchical linear model is utilized to test the relationships among cross-level variables. The data comprises 528 valid questionnaires from 43 manufacturing companies in China. Results: The research results show that both perceived control (individual level) and work-life balance programs (organizational level) positively moderate the relationship between job insecurity and life satisfaction. Conclusions: This study contributes toward identifying the effect of employees' psychological status and job insecurity on life satisfaction, and further confirms two different level moderators that alleviate the negative relationship between job insecurity and life satisfaction. Whether different genders have an effect on perception of life satisfaction is also considered, and the results show that men perceive significantly greater life satisfaction than women. Finally, based on the research findings, practical and theoretical implications are proposed.

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This study developed and tested a moderation model to investigate the effects of job insecurity due to the coronavirus disease of 2019 . We hypothesized that reward and care policies can moderate the relationship between job insecurity due to COVID-19 and employee outcomes (i.e., emotional exhaustion and work engagement). Two-wave data were collected from 344 worker-manager pairs in China, demonstrating that job insecurity negatively affects work engagement. Conversely, job insecurity had a significant positive effect on emotional exhaustion. Another finding was that the reward policy was less negatively related to job insecurity due to COVID-19 than employees' work engagement. Moreover, care policy was related less positively to job insecurity due to COVID-19 than to employees' emotional exhaustion. RESUMENEste estudio desarrolló y comprobó un modelo de moderación para investigar los efectos de la inseguridad laboral debida a la enfermedad del coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19). Nuestra hipótesis es que las políticas de recompensa y de cuidado pueden moderar la relación existente entre la inseguridad laboral debida a la COVID-19 y sus consecuencias en los trabajadores (a saber, agotamiento emocional y compromiso laboral). Se recogieron los datos de un grupo de 344 pares trabajador-jefe en China en dos oleadas (two-wave data), demostrando que la inseguridad laboral afecta negativamente al compromiso laboral. Y a la inversa, la inseguridad laboral tuvo un efecto positivo significativo sobre el agotamiento emocional. También encontramos que la política de recompensa se relacionó menos negativamente con la inseguridad laboral derivada de la COVID-19 que con el compromiso laboral de los trabajadores. Además, la política de cuidado se relacionó menos positivamente con la inseguridad laboral debida a la COVID-19 que con el agotamiento emocional.

Different degrees (between 20 and 75%) of methacrylate-grafted chondroitin sulfate (CS-MA) were synthesized. These CS-MA macromers were further copolymerized with acrylic acid (AA) at the molar ratio of 1 to 5 to form hydrogels. The sol percents of these CS-MA-AA hydrogels decreased and the cross-linking densities were studied with respect to the degrees of MA substitution onto CS-MA. The cytotoxicity with the increase in degree of MA substitution (DS) onto CS-MA as well as their hydrogels prepared from the corresponding macromers was tested using 293T cells. The cell viability of human dermal fibroblast and mescenchymal stem cells was further tested upon exposure to 75% CS-MA for 1-, 3-, and 7-day incubation period. The hydrogels maintained degradability for long periods of time as evidenced by SEM. A model protein, BSA, demonstrated the prolong-release behaviors of these hydrogels in simulated gastric fluids and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solutions and a faster release rate in the presence of chondroitinase and esterase at pH 7.4.