It is predicted that the integration of climate-based early warning systems into existing action plans will facilitate the timely provision of interventions to diarrheal disease epidemics in resource-poor settings. Diarrhea remains a considerable public health problem in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam and we aimed to quantify variation in the impact of environmental conditions on diarrheal disease risk across the city. Using all inpatient diarrheal admissions data from three large hospitals within HCMC, we developed a mixed effects regression model to differentiate district-level variation in risk due to environmental conditions from the overarching seasonality of diarrheal disease hospitalization in HCMC. We identified considerable spatial heterogeneity in the risk of all-cause diarrhea across districts of HCMC with low elevation and differential responses to flooding, air temperature, and humidity driving further spatial heterogeneity in diarrheal disease risk. The incorporation of these results into predictive forecasting algorithms will provide a powerful resource to aid diarrheal disease prevention and control practices in HCMC and other similar settings.
We investigated the relationships between the biomass of submersed aquatic plants (Potamogeton malaianus and Potamogeton oxyphyllus) and flow velocity, water depth, and organic matter in sediment in a fourth order stream in Japan. In spite of narrow ranges of current velocity (0-37 cm/s) and water depth (0-35 cm) in the study reach, plants were more abundant at moderate depth. Plant biomass was negatively correlated with water depth and water flow but positively correlated with organic matter content of the sediment.
The problem of physical reality in quantum mechanics has been raised since the famous Einstein-Bohr debate at the 5th Solvey conference in 1927. Ignoring the reality of a quantum matter existing independent of human observation, Bohr proposed an interpretation through the principle of complementarity, which negates simultaneous measurements of both characteristics of wave-particle duality. Until now, the issue remains unresolved and has received increasing attention over the past decade. Here we show for the first time a novel experimental correlation between two substitutionary which-way effects in asymmetrical double-slit experiments performed under the far-field Fraunhofer condition. The identifiable paired fringes can be seen in the self-interference spectra of single photons, travelling through different paths as point-like particles. The correlation greatly improves the confidence level and turns the present experiment into unambiguous evidence for the simultaneous measurement of wave-particle duality to the ontological physical reality of photons against the orthodox interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Corrosion of the steel reinforcement bars reduces the area of the steel bar and the bond stress between the steel bars and around concrete that decreases the capacity of concrete structures. In this study, the bond stress between steel bar with a diameter of 12mm and concrete was examined with the effect of different corrosion levels and different concrete grades. A steel bar was inserted in a concrete block with a size of 20×20×20cm. The compressive strength of concrete was 25.6MPa, 35.1MPa, and 44.1MPa. These specimens were soaked into solution NaCl 3.5% to accelerate the corrosion process with different corrosion levels in the length of 60mm. The pull-out test was conducted. Results showed that the bond strength of the corroded steel bar was higher than that predicted from CEB-FIP. Slip displacement and the range of slip displacement at the bond strength were reduced when the concrete compressive strength was increased. The rate of bond stress degradation occurred faster with the increment of the corrosion level when the concrete compressive strength was increased.
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