While the notion of farm tourism is not new in tourism studies, it continues to evolve and take forms not previously examined. This article describes the development of this form of tourism on the outskirts of Hội An (a World Heritage Site in Vietnam) as a farming sector seeks to build on a demand being created by visitors to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization gazette site. Based on 27 informants, the article examines the nature of the agritourism products and their move towards sustainable tourism in response to demand. The article highlights (a) the nature of the products, (b) the opportunity provided by proximity to a World Heritage Site and (c) the educational background of the farmers and suggests that levels of education possess importance by enabling entrepreneurs to acquire business skills not previously available to earlier generations. In identifying this, the article contributes to a literature on how tourism products evolve in developing countries, for not only does education create skill sets but also creates an awareness of the commercial and social values of traditions and the need to retain this as expressions of cultural patterns of life.
This paper examines how financial development affects technological progress of 55 developing countries over the 2003 to 2016 period, with particular attention to the interaction between R&D spillovers and financial development. We find that financial development induces total factor productivity improvement in developing countries both directly and indirectly. While there has been a profound literature on the direct effect of financial development on total factor productivity improvement, the evidence of an indirect effect is relatively new. Specifically, the indirect effect takes place through international R&D spillovers from developed countries to developing countries. Between the two components of financial development, the financial institutional aspects exert a more significant effect on total factor productivity than that of their financial market counterparts. As this paper also re-examines the effectiveness of the North-South R&D spillovers, it conveys important implications for policymakers whose objectives are to promote technological development and economic performance.
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