Does K-Means reasonably divides the data into k groups is an important question that arises when one works on Image Segmentation? Which color space one should choose and how to ascertain that the k we determine is valid? The purpose of this study was to explore the answers to aforementioned questions. We perform K-Means on a number of 2-cluster, 3-cluster and k-cluster color images (k>3) in RGB and L*a*b* feature space. Ground truth (GT) images have been used to accomplish validation task. Silhouette analysis supports the peaks for given k-cluster image. Model accuracy in RGB space falls between 30% and 55% while in L*a*b* color space it ranges from 30% to 65%. Though few images used, but experimentation proves that K-Means significantly segment images much better in L*a*b* color space as compared to RGB feature space.

COVID-19 is a transferable disease inherited from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. A total of 594 million people have been infected, and 6.4 million human beings have died due to COVID-19. The fastest way to diagnose the disease is by radiography. Deep learning has been the most popular technique for image classification during the last decade. This paper aims to examine the contributions of machine learning for the detection of COVID-19 using Deep Learning and explores the overall application of convolutional neural networks of some famous state-of-the-art deep learning pre-trained models. In this research, our objective is to explore the various image classification strategies for CXIs and the application of deep learning models for optimization and feature selection. The study presented in this article shows that the accuracy of deep learning models when detecting COVID-19 on the basis of chest X-ray images ranges from 93 percent to above 99 percent.

A murine model of myelofibrosis in tibia was used in a co-clinical trial to evaluate segmentation methods for application of image-based biomarkers to assess disease status. The dataset (32 mice with 157 3D MRI scans including 49 test–retest pairs scanned on consecutive days) was split into approximately 70% training, 10% validation, and 20% test subsets. Two expert annotators (EA1 and EA2) performed manual segmentations of the mouse tibia (EA1: all data; EA2: test and validation). Attention U-net (A-U-net) model performance was assessed for accuracy with respect to EA1 reference using the average Jaccard index (AJI), volume intersection ratio (AVI), volume error (AVE), and Hausdorff distance (AHD) for four training scenarios: full training, two half-splits, and a single-mouse subsets. The repeatability of computer versus expert segmentations for tibia volume of test–retest pairs was assessed by within-subject coefficient of variance (%wCV). A-U-net models trained on full and half-split training sets achieved similar average accuracy (with respect to EA1 annotations) for test set: AJI = 83–84%, AVI = 89–90%, AVE = 2–3%, and AHD = 0.5 mm–0.7 mm, exceeding EA2 accuracy: AJ = 81%, AVI = 83%, AVE = 14%, and AHD = 0.3 mm. The A-U-net model repeatability wCV [95% CI]: 3 [2, 5]% was notably better than that of expert annotators EA1: 5 [4, 9]% and EA2: 8 [6, 13]%. The developed deep learning model effectively automates murine bone marrow segmentation with accuracy comparable to human annotators and substantially improved repeatability.

Quantum computing has emerged as a new dimension with various applications in different fields like robotic, cryptography, uncertainty modeling etc. On the other hand, nature inspired techniques are playing vital role in solving complex problems through evolutionary approach. While evolutionary approaches are good to solve stochastic problems in unbounded search space, predicting uncertain and ambiguous problems in real life is of immense importance. With improved forecasting accuracy many unforeseen events can be managed well. In this paper a novel algorithm for Fuzzy Time Series (FTS) prediction by using Quantum concepts is proposed in this paper. Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA) is used along with fuzzy logic for prediction of time series data. QEA is applied on interval lengths for finding out optimized lengths of intervals producing best forecasting accuracy. The algorithm is applied for forecasting Taiwan Futures Exchange (TIAFEX) index as well as for Bitcoin crypto currency time series data as a new approach. Model results were compared with many preceding algorithms.

MRI scanner captures the skull along with the brain and the skull needs to be removed for enhanced reliability and validity of medical diagnostic practices. Skull Stripping from Brain MR Images is significantly a core area in medical applications. It is a complicated task to segment an image for skull stripping manually. It is not only time consuming but expensive as well. An automated skull stripping method with good efficiency and effectiveness is required. Currently, a number of skull stripping methods are used in practice. In this review paper, many soft-computing segmentation techniques have been discussed. The purpose of this research study is to review the existing literature to compare the existing traditional and modern methods used for skull stripping from Brain MR images along with their merits and demerits. The semi-systematic review of existing literature has been carried out using the meta-synthesis approach. Broadly, analyses are bifurcated into traditional and modern, i.e. soft-computing methods proposed, experimented with, or applied in practice for effective skull stripping. Popular databases with desired data of Brain MR Images have also been identified, categorized and discussed. Moreover, CPU and GPU based computer systems and their specifications used by different researchers for skull stripping have also been discussed. In the end, the research gap has been identified along with the proposed lead for future research work.

Condyle of femur (F) and tibia (T) are key bony landmarks around the knee joint. The condyles contour extraction is the first key step towards: quantification of femorotibial (FT) joint space width (JSW), to assess FT joint space narrowing (JSN), to determine knee joint alignment angles and in defining the lateral and medial condyle radii. This paper aims to contour extraction of femur and tibia condyles on plain anteroposterior (AP) knee radiograph. A number of standard OA and non-OA AP radiographs in DICOM format are acquired. The images are resized and filtered to detect femoral and tibia condyles edge pixels respectively. Thresholding is then applied which introduce outliers. After removing outliers spline interpolation and smoothing is applied to trace and extract the femur and tibia contours. The results demonstrates promising extracted contours on non-OA and moderate OA radiographs but needs improvement in radiographs showing severe OA. The femur and tibia contours obtained are well localized, smooth and have no broken lines.

Huge Gap has been observed on study of projectile simulation models relating it to speed of camera or frame per seconds. The objective of this paper is to explore and investigate time driven simulation models to mimic projectile trajectory; with an intent to highlight importance of game programming on native platforms. The proposed projectile recurrence relation and extensive mathematical modeling based on Triangular Series is an innovative outcome of project and game based learning used in BSCS-514 Computer Graphics Course at Department of Computer Science (DCS) University of Karachi (UOK). Box2D Replica of Popular 2D Mobile Game Angry Bird has been created on desktop to have an in depth mathematical and programming insight of commercial physics engine and discrete event simulation. Analysis has also been performed to answer certain key questions for progressive projectile trajectory for e.g. (1) With What angle, projectile should be launched? (2) What is the maximum height it will reach? (3) How long it will take for landing? (4) What will be its velocity to reach a desired height? (4) Where it will hit? (5) How it will bounce? The above stated questions are important to answer so that projectile motion within engineering, Gaming and other CAD Applications can be taught and programmed correctly specially on native platforms like OpenGL. Besides reporting Numerical results, a successful projectile based game making has been compiled and reported to validate the significance of project based learning in classrooms and labs.

The purpose of this research is to propose a new Multispectral Adaptive Fuzzy Algorithm (MAFA) for edge detection in Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI). Edge detection is primary pre-segmentation process of MRI. Human structure is envisioned through 3-dimension images provided by MRI. MAFA, 40 Fuzzy Rules based algorithm, is proposed for edge detection because it is efficient in time consumption and processing calculations, effective in results and easier to use than other methods like Canny, Sobel, etcetera. Application of MAFA on 159 images produced sharper and clearer edges than other methods. Average time to process one image is 16 milliseconds which is 61% of time consumed by second best method.