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The subfamily Bourguyiinae Mello‐Leitão, 1923 (Gonyleptidae) is revised, and both phylogenetic and biogeographic hypotheses are proposed. Bourguyiinae is monophyletic, and is the sister group of the remainder of the Gonyleptidae species used for analysis, except for the Metasarcinae, which collectively is the sister group of Metavononoides orientalisMello‐Leitão, 1923 (Cosmetidae). Bourguyiinae is divided into two genera: Bourguyia (six species) and Asarcus (four species). The genus‐level synonyms proposed here are as follows: Caldasius, Styloleptes, and Stylopisthos are junior synonyms of Bourguyia; Bogdana, Cnemoleptes, and Opisthoplites are junior synonyms of Asarcus. The species synonyms proposed here are as follows: Afranius amarali Mello‐Leitão, 1934 is a junior synonym of Bourguyia albiornataMello‐Leitão, 1923; Drastus hamatusRoewer, 1943 and Styloleptes conspersusPiza, 1943 are junior synonyms of Bourguyia trochanteralisRoewer, 1930; Asarcus corallipesSimon, 1879, Asarcus lutescensSørensen, 1884, Asarcus pallidusMello‐Leitão, 1923, and Opisthoplites ypsilonSørensen, 1884 are junior synonyms of Asarcus longipes Kollar in Koch, 1839; Asarcus nigriconspersusSoares & Soares, 1945 is a junior synonym of Asarcus ingenuus Melo‐Leitão, 1940. New species described are: Bourguyia bocaina sp. nov. (Serra da Bocaina, São José do Barreiro, São Paulo), Bourguyia vinosa sp. nov. (E.B. Boracéia, Salesópolis, São Paulo), and Asarcus putunaberaba sp. nov. (Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Alto Caparaó, Minas Gerais). Bourguyiinae is endemic to the Atlantic Rainforest in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Paraná. Based on the modified data matrix of Pinto‐da‐Rocha et al., we propose a new biogeographical hypothesis for the Atlantic Rainforest. We suggest that Bourguyiinae species were originally distributed from the coastal region of Paraná to the north of Rio de Janeiro and south‐east of Minas Gerais, with subsequent dispersals both to northern and southern areas. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 156, 319–362.

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Individuals of a Thestylus aurantiurus Yamaguti & Pinto-da-Rocha 2003 population in the Parque Estadual da Serra da Cantareira (Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil) show an increase of activity throughout the year. This increase is related to the reproductive season of these scorpions, from September to November. The abundance of scorpions was related to environmental factors in four different areas of the park. More scorpions were collected in the higher areas, far away from water sources of the park and not exposed to flooding. A short description of the Thestylus aurantiurus burrows is also presented.

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