Urban heat island (UHI) manifests as the temperature rise in built-up urban areas relative to the surrounding rural countryside, largely because of the relatively greater proportion of incident solar energy that is absorbed and stored by man-made materials. The direct impact of UHI can be significant on both daytime and night-time temperatures, and the indirect impacts include increased air conditioning loads, deteriorated air and water quality, reduced pavement lifetimes, and exacerbated heat waves. Modifying the thermal properties and emissivity of roofs and paved surfaces and increasing the vegetated area within the city are potential mitigation strategies. A quantitative comparison of their efficacies and costs suggests that so-called cool roofs are likely the most cost-effective UHI mitigation strategy. However, additional research is needed on how to modify surface emissivities and dynamically control surface and material properties, as well as on the health and socioeconomic impacts of UHI.

Glittre ADL-test is valid and reproducible to evaluate PF of obese, post-BS, and healthy control subjects. However, due to the large learning effect, two tests are required for accurate assessment.

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R ESU M OA mamoneira é uma espécie de crescimento inicial lento. A ausência de herbicidas registrados para esta cultura, ainda é fator limitante para sua expansão; assim, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a tolerância da mamoneira ao herbicida pendimethalin em solos com diferentes capacidades de adsorção. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições e consistiu em uma combinação fatorial de oito doses do herbicida pendimethalin aplicado em pré-emergência (0; 187,5; 375; 750; 1.500; 3.000; 6.000 e 12.000 g ha -¹ i.a.) e quatro tipos de substrato, sendo três solos de textura: franco-argilo-arenosa, franco-argilosa e franco-arenosa, além do substrato arenoso. Aos 22 dias após a semeadura determinaram-se as variáveis altura de plantas, área foliar, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, volume e massa seca do sistema radicular. Concluiu-se que a dose do herbicida pendimethalin tolerado pela mamoneira é influenciada pela capacidade de adsorção do solo. O herbicida mostrou-se seletivo à cultura não ocasionando redução do crescimento nas doses utilizadas para controle de plantas daninhas. Palavras-chave: Ricinus communis L., competição, controle químicoTolerance of castor bean to pendimethalin herbicide in soils with different adsorption capacities A B ST R A C TThe castor bean is a species of slow initial growth. The absence of registered herbicides for this crop is still a limiting factor for its expansion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the castor bean tolerance to the herbicide pendimethalin in soils with different adsorption capacities. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design with five replications and consisted of a factorial combination of eight doses of the herbicide pendimethalin applied as pre-emergence (0; 187,5; 375; 750; 1500; 3000; 6000 and 12000 g ha -¹ i.a.), and four types of substrate (clay loam, sandy clay loam, sandy loam and sandy soil). At 22 days after sowing the variables: plant height, leaf area, fresh and dry mass of shoots, root system volume and dry weight were determined. It was concluded that the dose of the herbicide pendimethalin tolerated by the castor bean is influenced by the adsorption capacity of the soil. The herbicide was found to be very selective to this crop, not causing significant reduction of plant growth at the doses indicated to be used for weed control.

RESUMOA escassez de herbicidas registrados para a cultura da mamoneira ainda é fator limitante para sua expansão. Objetivou-se então, com este trabalho, avaliar a tolerância da mamoneira ao herbicida trifluralin em solos com diferentes texturas. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições, em esquema fatorial com 8 doses do herbicida trifluralin aplicado em pré-emergência (0; 187,5; 375; 750; 1.500; 3.000; 6.000 e 12.000 g ha -1 i.a.) e quatro tipos de substrato (areia lavada; franco-arenoso; franco argiloso-arenoso e franco-argiloso). Aos 28 dias após a semeadura foram determinadas as variáveis: altura de plantas, área foliar, massa seca da parte aérea, volume e massa seca do sistema radicular. Concluiu-se que a dose do herbicida trifluralin tolerada pela mamoneira é influenciada pelas características químicas e físicas do solo. Em solos de textura arenosa e franco-arenosa doses do herbicida trifluralin abaixo daquelas comumente utilizadas para controle de plantas daninhas, são suficientes para ocasionar redução no crescimento das plantas de mamoneira. Palavras-chave: planta daninha, seletividade, Ricinus communisTolerance of castor bean to trifluralin herbicide in soils of different textures ABSTRACT The scarcity of registered herbicides for cultivation of castor beans is still a limiting factor for its expansion. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of castor bean to trifluralin herbicide in soils of different textures. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with five replications in a factorial with 8 doses of the trifluralin herbicide (0; 187.5; 375; 750; 1.500; 3.000; 6.000 and 12.000 g ha -1 i.a.) applied at pre-emergence and four types of substrates (washed sand; sandy loam; sandy clay loam; and clay loam soil). At 28 days after sowing, the variables plant height, leaf area, shoot dry weight, volume and dry mass of roots were measured. It was concluded that the tolerance of castor bean to trifluralin herbicide is influenced by chemical and physical characteristics of soil. In sandy and sandy loam soils, doses of trifluralin below those commonly used for weed control are sufficient to cause the decrease in the growth of castor bean plants.

RESUMOPropôs-se, com esta pesquisa, avaliar a indução de multibrotações nos genótipos de mamona BRS Nordestina e CSRN 142, no explante gema apical, determinando-se o melhor tratamento com o fitorregulador Tiadiazuron (TDZ) e indicar a concentração satisfatória do ácido-3-indolacético (AIA) para o enraizamento ex vitro. Utilizou-se o meio Murashige e Skoog, suplementado com TDZ nas concentrações 0 (testemunha) 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 5,0 e 10,0 mg L -1 , com três explantes por frasco, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As avaliações foram realizadas após 45 dias de cultivo analisando-se o número de brotos por explante e a porcentagem de necrose. No enraizamento ex vitro fez-se uso do AIA, nas concentrações 0; 0,125; 0,25; 0,5 e 1,0 g L -1 e do substrato de aclimatação (turfa + vermiculita). Observou-se que a concentração de 0,5 mg L -1 de TDZ proporcionou a melhor proliferação in vitro, alcançando até 16,9 brotos por explante. No enraizamento ex vitro o tratamento mais promissor foi turfa + vermiculita + 0,125 g L -1 de AIA, com 75% de plantas enraizadas. Verificou-se que o TDZ induz o superbrotamento nos dois genótipos e o enraizamento ex vitro é uma alternativa viável aos programas de melhoramento vegetal. Palavras-chave: Ricinus communis, biotecnologia, fitorreguladoresEffect of the thidiazuron in vitro micropropagation of two castor bean genotypes by organogenesis ABSTRACTThe objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness to induce the multiplication of shoots in the BRS Nordestina and CSRN 142 castor bean genotypes, in the explant apical meristem, determining the best treatment with the thidiazuron (TDZ) growth regulator and to indicate the satisfactory concentration of the indoleacetic acid (AIA) for the ex vitro rooting. The Murashige and Skoog medium, was used supplemented with TDZ in the concentrations 0 (control); 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0 e 10.0 mg L -1 , with three explants per flask, in randomized blocks. The evaluations were made after 45 days of cultivation, being analyzed the number of brunches for explant and the percentage of necrosis. In the ex vitro rooting, the use of AIA was made, in the concentrations 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g L -1 in the acclimatization substrate. It was observed that the concentration of 0.5 mg L -1 of TDZ provided the best results in vitro proliferation, reaching 16.9 brunch for explant. In the ex vitro rooting, the most promising treatment was substrate + 0.125 g L -1 of AIA, with 75% of rooted plants. It was verified that the TDZ induces the over brunching in the two genotypes and that the ex vitro rooting is a viable alternative for the programs of plants improvement.

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