Photobiomodulation is being widely applied for improving dermal or mucosal wound healing. However, the underlying cellular and molecular processes that directly contribute to its effects remain poorly understood. Pericytes are relevant cells involved in the wound microenvironment and could be one of the main targets of photobiomodulation due to their plasticity and perivascular localization. Herein, we investigate tissue repair under the photobiomodulation stimulus using a pericyte labeled (or reporter) transgenic mice. Using a model of two contralateral back wounds, one the control and the other photoactivated daily (660 nm, 20 mW, 0.71 W/cm2, 5 J/cm2, 7 s, 0.14 J), we showed an overall influx of immune and undifferentiated cells and higher mobilization of a potent pericyte subpopulation (Type-2 pericytes) in the photoactivated wounds in comparison to the controls. Doppler analysis showed a significant increase in the blood flow in the photoactivated wounds, while marked vascular supply was observed histologically. Histochemical analysis has indicated more advanced stages of tissue repair after photoactivation. These data suggest that photobiomodulation significantly accelerates tissue repair through its vascular effects with direct recruitment of pericytes to the injury site.

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Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been widely used to promote tissue repair.However, PBMT's critical roles in the epithelial and mesenchymal tissues interactions are still barely known. Herein, we investigated light parameters on challenged keratinocytes (KC)-i.e., cultivated under oxidative stress-solely or associated with fibroblasts (FB) in a co-culture system. Cells were treated with PBMT at the wavelength of 660 nm, at 20 mW and 0.71 W/cm 2 . Three different energy densities were primarily evaluated on KC: 1 (1.4 s), 5 (7 s), and 50 J/cm 2 (70 s). Next, KC and FB were co-cultured and assessed at 5 J/cm 2 . This energy density was also tested in ex vivo murine skin samples.Our main data suggest that PBMT can increase cellular proliferation at low doses and cell migration in a biphasic mode (1 and 50 J/cm 2 ), both further confirmed by the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand-amphiregulin-upregulation. IL-1RA mRNA-the IL-1β (interleukin-1β) receptor antagonist recognized to fasten wound repair-was upregulated in the co-culture system. Upon PBMT, the ex vivo findings showed a progressive increase in the epidermal thickness, although presenting qualitatively less differentiated epithelium than the control group. In conclusion, PBMT effects are dependent on the cellular interactions with the surrounding microenvironment. Ultimately, PBMT is antiinflammatory and contributes to the expression of critical mediators of wound repair.

Objective: To assess the frequency of orofacial outcomes in adolescents with perinatally infected HIV in treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Design: A Brazilian institution-based retrospective study analyzing medical charts and medication dispensing data. Methods: Medical records of 137 adolescents were reviewed. HIV viral load, CD4+ T-cell count (CD4+), ART regimen, nonadherence events, and prolonged ART discontinuation were recorded. The frequency of each outcome was determined. Associations between the most frequent outcomes and both records of undetectable viral load and CD4+ at least 500 cells/μl were carried out. Associations of lymphadenitis, Group 1 orofacial manifestations and Group 2 orofacial manifestations with records of Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) category C illness were also performed. Odds ratio (OR), confidence intervals (CI) and P values were provided. Results: Cervical and submandibular lymphadenitis (45.25%), dental caries (32.84%) and periodontal issues (11.67%) were the most frequent orofacial outcomes. A detectable viral load (OR = 2.61, 95% CI 1.16--5.88) and CD4+ less than 500 cells/μl (OR = 2.34, 95% CI 1.13--4.82) were associated with a greater risk of lymphadenitis. Orofacial outcomes associated with HIV were found in adolescents with longer ART discontinuation and a greater number of ART discontinuation events (P < 0.05). No association was found between records of CDC category C illness and group 1 orofacial manifestations, group 2 manifestations or lymphadenitis (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Orofacial outcomes, in particular, cervical and submandibular lymphadenitis were common among the adolescents assessed. Long-term ART and long-term exposure to HIV virus may have altered the orofacial outcome profile in adolescents perinatally infected by HIV.

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Introduction: The glands of Blandin–Nuhn are mucous and serous salivary glands situated on both sides of the midline of the ventral surface of the tongue. In this area, a mucocele generally results from trauma. The diagnosis of mucoceles is based on clinical and histopathological examinations and the recommended treatment is surgical excision. Case Report: This report describes a case of mucocele of the glands of Blandin-Nuhn (MGBN) affecting a 20-year-old male. Oval-shaped swelling with a smooth and bright surface of soft consistency was observed on the ventral surface of the individual’s tongue. The diagnostic hypothesis was mucocele. Surgical excision was performed in a single session with a diode laser. A histopathological examination revealed mucus extravasating into connective tissue, with foamy macrophages and granulation tissue. Conclusion: The high-intensity laser was a safe and effective tool for treating MGBN. No need for a suture, minimal or no intraoperative bleeding, and a minimal report of pain and edema by the patient were observed. A diode laser may be a helpful tool because it is less invasive and it is safe and effective.