In the present investigation we studied the feeding habits of the fishes associated with aquatic macrophytes in the Rosana Reservoir, southeastern Brazil. Twenty fish species were collected during four field trips, regularly distributed across the dry and wet seasons. Focal snorkeling observations of the fishes were made over a total of six hours. Nine species were present in abundances of more than 1% and, therefore, had their feeding habits analyzed. Hemigrammus marginatus, Roeboides paranensis, Hyphessobrycon eques, Astyanax altiparanae, Serrasalmus spilopleura, and Bryconamericus stramineus were predominantly invertivores, with predominance of aquatic insects (Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera immatures) among their food items. The predominantly algivores were Apareiodon affinis, Serrapinnus notomelas, and Satanoperca pappaterra, with high frequency of filamentous blue-green algae, diatoms, clorophyts, and periderm. The different microhabitat exploitation plus diet composition suggests partitioning of resources and absence of food competition among the most representative fish species in the studied community, indicating the importance of the naturalistic approach to fish ecology studies.Key words: aquatic macrophytes, fishes, feeding, Rosana Reservoir, Paranapanema River. RESUMO

Emended diagnoses of all stages of the genus Ichthyocladius Fittkau are given. The genus appears to be a basal member of the Corynoneura group showing affinities also to the Eukiefferiella group. A number of features apparently are the result of the phoretic life on catfishes. Ichthyocladius kronichticola sp. n. and I. lilianae sp. n. are described and figured in all stages. Additional pupae from the Amazonas in Brazil and from the Parque Nacional Iguazú in Argentina are also described and figured. Keys to pupae and larvae of the genus are given.

A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Polypedilum Kieffer utilizing only species with known larvae, and including one additional species presumed to belong to a new subgenus was performed. The subgenera Tripodura Townes, 1945, Pentapedilum Kieffer, 1913 and Cerobregma Sæther et Sundal, 1999, were all monophyletic, while Uresipedilum Oyewo et Sæther, 1998 was monophyletic when the new subgenus Probolum was excluded. Polypedilum s. str. was never monophyletic even when excluding the atypical P. nubifer (Skuse, 1889), but if the relationships between subgenera were unresolved a cladogram as short as the shortest trees could be erected with Polypedilum s. str. as monophyletic. It is proposed to reestablish the genus Tripedilum Kieffer, 1921a as a subgenus with the type species P. (T.) fuscipenne (Kieffer, 1921a) and including P. (T.) nubifer (Skuse); treat Polypedilum Kieffer, 1913 as valid (pending an application to the ICZN to supress Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912); reestablish the subgenus Kribionympha Kieffer, 1921a with the type species Polypedilum (Kribionympha) declivis Kieffer, 1922; give priority to Tripodura Townes, 1945 over senior synonyms; and erect the new subgenus Probolum Andersen et Sæther with Polypedilum (Probolum) marcondesi Pinho et Mendes sp. n. as type species and including at least P. (Probolum) pedatum excelsius Townes sensu Grodhaus et Rotramel, 1980, P. (Probolum) simantokeleum Sasa, Suzuki et Sakai, 1998 and P. (Probolum) bullum Zhang et Wang, 2004. Short diagnoses for the subgenera of Polypedilum are presented. Polypedilum (Probolum) marcondesi subgen. n., sp. n. is described and figured as male, female, pupa and larva. The two subspecies of P. (Uresipedilum) pedatum Townes, 1945 are regarded as full species. The male imago of P. (Uresipedilum) excelsius Townes, 1945 and the male and female of P. (Uresipedilum) pedatum Townes are redescribed.

The genus Beardius Reiss et Sublette, 1985 is revised and twenty new species, Beardius abbadi sp. n., B. arawak sp. n., B. bizzoi sp. n., B. bucephalus sp. n., B. curticaudatus sp. n., B. dioi sp. n., B. hirtidorsum sp. n., B. krenak sp. n., B. kumadueni sp. n., B. longicaudatus sp. n., B. mileneae sp. n., B. nebularius sp. n., B. neusae sp. n., B. novoairensis sp. n., B. phoenix sp. n., B. sapiranga sp. n., B. tupinamba sp. n., B. vanessae sp. n., and B. yperoig sp. n. from Brazil and Beardius chapala sp. n. from Mexico are described and figured. Further, the female, pupa and larva of B. urupeatan Pinho, Mendes et Andersen and the female and larva of B. cristhinae Trivinho-Strixino et Siqueira are described, and new records of Brazilian species are provided. Emended diagnoses for all stages and sexes are given. The phylogeny of the genus is outlined and seven tentative species groups, the parcus group, the truncatus group, the tupinamba group, the triangulatus group, the bucephalus group, the xylophilus group, and the roquei group, are proposed. Keys to males, females, pupae and larvae are provided.

A parsimony analysis of recently collected species sharing several features such as scalpellate acrostichals, often setae apically on the wing membrane and often strongly extended costa, together with 38 genera show that the collected species can be assigned to Antillocladius S ther, 1981, Compterosmittia S ther, 1981, and one new genus, Litocladius. Nine new species of Antillocladius are described and figured as male imagines: A. calakmulensis, A. herradurus and A. zempoalensis from Mexico; A. venequatoriensis from Ecuador and Venezuela; A. ubatuba from Brazil and Venezuela; and A. biota, A. folius, A. musci, and A. sooretama from Brazil. The female of A. musci, the pupae of A. antecalvus S ther, A. folius, and A. musci, and the larvae of A. folius and A. musci are also described and figured. New records of A. antecalvus S ther from Brazil and Venezuela; of A. arcuatus S ther from Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela; A. pluspilalus S ther from Ecuador and Mexico and of A. zhengi Wang and S ther from Thailand are given. The genus Antillocladius S ther, 1981, originally described from the British West Indies, now includes 15 species from North, Central and South America, Russia, China and Thailand. Keys to all known males, females, pupae and larvae are given. Four new species of Compterosmittia are described and figured as male imagines: C. aberrans from Costa Rica; C. croizati from Brazil and Venezuela; C. pittieri from Venezuela; and C. berui from Brazil. The genus Compterosmittia S ther, 1981, originally described from the British West Indies, now includes 8 to 10 species from North, Central and South America, Australia, Oceania and Southeast Asia. A key to male imagines is given. The new genus, Litocladius, includes a single species, L. mateusi, described as male, female and pupa. The immatures of all three genera are terrestrial or associated with phytotelmata, and notes on their biology and larval habitats are included.