Livestock productivity is one of the solutions to mitigate human migration from rural to urban areas. Livestock is the major contributor towards value addition in the agriculture sector and also in social build-up. It plays versatile role in rural life by providing food, income, employment, fuel, fertilizer, transportation and power. It has been serving as a source of income and food security for centuries. However, in present situation it is not playing its role as it could have. This field is deficient in production, management, marketing and information creating a big yield gap as compared to potential one. Less income leads to alternative strategies of livelihood for rural people, resulting migration to opt some other professions in cities. This migration creates a huge depression on urban resources including space, food and sanitation. Present paper focuses how to overcome migration through increasing livestock production and sustaining farmers at their villages to earn livelihood in a secure manner. All this inculcates towards encouragement of livestock farmers to carry on livestock farming inspite of migration. Present study was conducted in Tehsil Nankana Sahib. Out of its 34 rural union councils, four were selected randomly. From each selected union council, three villages were selected randomly. From each selected village ten livestock farmers were selected by random sampling technique thereby making a sample size of 120 respondents. Data were collected through interview schedule and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to draw conclusions. It was found that people were migrating towards cities due to many problems in the livestock sector. Migration is a problem which affects cities also. Proper steps need to be taken to address the issues of migration and people leaving up livestock farming.
This paper intends to review and analyze varying level of women’s participation in politics at different periods of time in political history of Pakistan and its impact on the status of women in the country. First, the paper focuses on historical trajectory of women’s marginal political participation in past and recently increased representation in formal political institutions through enhanced political quotas for women introduced from national to local level. Besides the feminist motives, it also identifies the “non-feminist motives” or “competing masculine interests” working behind this increased entry of women in the male domain of political sphere. Second, it explores and compares the impacts of women’s absence from or recent presence in political institutions on different aspects of society (especially law to protect women). The basic argument is that the increased women’s participation has the potential to enlarge public space for women and give them voice in legislative appropriation. Thus, this increased participation helps in creating a relatively more egalitarian and democratic society. Finally, the paper explores future prospects of women’s political participation at different levels along with recommendations to improve state policies in this regard.
This research aims to explore gender differentials in perceptions regarding several social and cultural practices causing harm to the status of women in Pakistan. The six social practices focused in this research include Dowry, Watta Satta, Walwar, Swara, Vani and Marriage with Quran. The research is designed as exploratory cross sectional quantitative research. The data has been collected through survey of a randomly selected sample of 347 educated men and women in Sindh with the help of a six items, five point Likert scale, to explore people’s perceptions regarding different socio-cultural practices. The scale has two sub scales, each including three items, to assess perceptions regarding social practices perceived as crime and their potential for causing victimization of women in Pakistan. It is inferred from the t-test results that there is statistically significant difference exists between educated men and women’s mean scores acquired on one main scale and two sub scales used to assess perception regarding social practices, their criminal nature, and potential for victimization of women in Pakistan.
Explaining the nature and prevalence of patriarchal culture and eight anti women socio-cultural practices (i.e. Dowry, Watta Satta, Walwar, Honour Killing, Wanni, Swara, Marriage with the holy book of Quran, and Child marriage), this paper explores a relationship between people’s perceptions about patriarchy and anti women socio-cultural practices as sources of crime and violence against Pakistani women. The paper is based on primary data collected through survey conducted with a close ended questionnaire developed by the researcher. The collected data was statistically analyzed to test hypotheses. It argues that socio-cultural practices and the patriarchy are perceived as factors leading to crime and violence against Pakistani women. It is found that the respondents scoring higher on the scale for assessing perceptions regarding “patriarchy as a factor leading to crime against women” also score higher on the scale for assessing the “socio-cultural practices as factor leading to crime against women” in Pakistan. Therefore, it is inferred that there is a positive correlation between respondents’ perceptions regarding patriarchy and socio-cultural practices as factors leading to crime against women in the country. It means patriarchy is the basic system that fosters crime and violence against women through the tools of anti women socio-cultural practices in Pakistan.
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