Military forces of every country are trying their best to protect their motherland from the attackers. With advancement in marine technology, it has become critical to detect and track the target by obtaining active measurements before it is close enough to attack. The utilization of unmanned underwater vehicles for target tracking behavior is gaining great attention due to continuous advancement of underwater vehicular technology. Nevertheless, safe and stable communications issues among different acoustic devices are still under active investigation to reach a robust, secure, and flexible underwater networking. Moreover, due to harsh underwater environment, acoustic simulations are also time-consuming; therefore, an accurate model for target detection and tracking is a necessity. Apart from the harsh environment of underwater networks, various technologies emerging for terrestrial networking are also becoming the part of underwater networking. For instance, cognitive acoustic networks, software-defined networks, network function virtualization, cloud computing, fog computing, and internet of underwater things; all are leading to trusted next-generation underwater networks. In this paper, we first provide a comprehensive survey of unmanned underwater vehicles and different ray tracing models essential in target detection and tracking that answers several questions regarding the current necessities of underwater networks and finally, provides a solution that opens several doors for research community to excel in this area.INDEX TERMS Internet of underwater things (IoUT), ray tracing models, underwater acoustic networks (UAN), unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV).
A novel position-based routing protocol anchor-based connectivity-aware routing (ACAR) for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is proposed in this paper to ensure connectivity of routes with more successfully delivered packets. Both buses and cars are considered as vehicular nodes running in both clockwise and anticlockwise directions in a city scenario. Both directions are taken into account for faster communication. ACAR is a hybrid protocol, using both the greedy forwarding approach and the store-carry-and-forward approach to minimize the packet drop rate on the basis of certain assumptions. Our solution to situations that occur when the network is sparse and when any (source or intermediate) node has left its initial position makes this protocol different from those existing in the literature. We consider only vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication in which both the source and destination nodes are moving vehicles. Also, no road-side units are considered. Finally, we compare our protocol with A-STAR (a plausible connectivity-aware routing protocol for city environments), and simulation results in NS-2 show improvement in the number of packets delivered to the destination using fewer hops. Also, we show that ACAR has more successfully-delivered long-distance packets with reasonable packet delay than A-STAR.
We propose a position-based routing protocol for cognitive radio vehicular ad hoc networks (CR-VANETs) using a Kalman filter algorithm. The protocol first selects an idle channel from among all the channels available to a vehicle while moving on a straight road and then finds the best relay node to deliver the packet to the destination. The selection of a relay node is done by dividing the vehicular transmission range into five regions, and then the source/relay node selects the one that is in the region having a higher preference than other regions. Communication between two vehicles occurs only when both the vehicles are on the same channel. Delay may increase while sensing the channel and selecting the relay node. To reduce the delay, we use a Kalman filter to predict the future positions of all moving vehicles in the network. We consider vehicle-to-vehicle communication and compare our protocol for different probabilities of primary user being idle. Our proposed protocol shows improvement in both packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.
We study position-based and geocast routing protocols, which are two categories of Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANETs) routing protocols based on the information of position and location respectively. Two scenarios for position-based routing are discussedthe highway scenario and the city scenario. We also study geocast routing protocols that are based on flooding by defining the forwarding zone. Forwarding zone is the region where the destination node is located. The advantages and challenges for these position-based and geocast routing protocols are also discussed followed by a discussion on the suitability of the position-based protocols for the highway and city scenarios.
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