This paper intends to investigate the meaning-making process in Sylvia Plath's poetry by employing Wolfgang's theory of Aesthetic Reader Response. Since female writing is characterized by a strong emotional appeal, especially for a female reader, the research is an attempt to explore the meaning-making process in Plath's poetry that how and why it (female writing) is appealing to the female reader in particular, and to the male reader in general. The analysis is anchored within Wolfgang Iser's theory of Aesthetic Reader Response. His theory postulates that the importance of literary work does not entirely lie in the meaning that the text beholds within it; instead, it depends on the interaction of the text with the reader that is helpful in the establishment of a new meaning. The present paper attempts to reveal this ideal relationship between a female poet and a female reader in the meaning-making process. The research uses a descriptive cum analytical method. Since the study intends to explore and investigate the aesthetic appeal and response that the profoundly emotional poetry of Sylvia evokes in the reader, the linguistic and stylistic choices will remain the focus. So, the research, at times, falls into the category of stylistic analysis. This article demonstrates how a female writer/poet offers a crucial understanding of the relationship between 'ecriture feminine' and the emergence of meaning. The research will provide future researchers with an opportunity to explore the meaning-making process in ictional work by female authors from the standpoint of female readers.
The study attempts to explore and analyze the themes of 'love', 'war' and 'illusion' in the two novels written by two different authors. One is A Farewell to Arms (1929) written by Ernest Hemingway and the other is Eye of the Needle (2015) written by Ken Follet. Hemingway way and Follet both are American novelists who are known for their fondness for writing on the theme of war. Hemingway wrote many novels using the backdrop of the First World War whereas Ken Follet's Eye of the Needle is authored in the backdrop of the Second World War. Hemingway is one of the representative of modern age writers, whereas Ken Follet is one the writers of postmodern age. It has been observed that both writers while writing on the theme of war in the chosen novels involve, consciously or unconsciously, two sub-themes of 'love' and 'illusion' in their fiction. The research analyzes that what are the differences and the similarities between these writers’ approach towards the said themes. This paper aims at interpreting these themes in the context of postmodernists' scholarship while comparing and contrasting the treatment, which both writers have given to the themes of war, love, and illusion.
Background: Malnutrition continues to be a major public health problem in developing and underdeveloped countries. The objectives of the study were to determine the determinants of nutritional status of under 5 years children in our population.
Materials & Methods: This analytical cross sectional study was conducted by the Department of Public Health, Islamabad, Federal College, Islamabad, from November 2016 to March 2017. Sample size was 200 selected by convenient sampling. Demographic variables were sex, age-groups, socio-economics status, family structure. Research variable was nutritional status. The data collection was done in urban slums of Islamabad on a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS software.
Results: Out of 200 children, 117(58.5%) were boys and 83(41.5 %) were girls. One hundred (50%) children were of 6 to 24 months and 100(50%) were of 25 to 59 months of age. Eighty three (41.5%) were rich and 117(58.5%) were poor. One hundred and fifty eight (79%) children were from joint family system and 42(21%) were living in nuclear family system were children. One hundred and fifty one (75.50%) were normal, 39(19.50%) were mild and 10(5%) were having severe malnutrition.
Conclusion: Except age all the other factors including sex, socio-economics status and family structure were associated with nutritional status of under 5 year children.
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