This study aimed to develop a common approach to investigate (blue) water footprint of consumption of municipalities. Analysis framework consists of two distinct phases as: water abstraction profile and water distribution and water use profile. In the proposed approach municipal water footprint (WF) comprises three components: domestic water footprint (WF), industrial/commercial water footprint (WF), and public water footprint (WF). The application of the methodology was demonstrated in Turkey. The overall objective was to identify water consumption profile regarding model components and assess spatial and temporal distributions in the country scale. In this scope, each component was determined for 81 cities. After the investigation of spatial differences, an answer to the question of, "whether water use is increasing or decreasing over time" was found. Results investigated that WF was 140 L/ca.day in average and reached up to 300 L/ca.day in some cities. WF was about 100 L/ca.day and cities having lower values mostly located on north-west, south-east of the country. Furthermore, few spots with high values were observed for WF (with 10 L/ca.day average), and relatively lower values belonged to the cities in south-eastern region. WF having 30 L/ca.day mean value had extremes in eastern part. Based on water consumption characteristics, cities were grouped using factor analysis and results created four groups of cities. Although eastern and western cities had no trends in water abstraction rate, other regions had decreasing trend in last 20 years. Investigation of (blue) water footprint of consumption of municipalities is believed to assist water managers to identify water use profiles and assess spatial and temporal distributions. This is important because water resources are becoming increasingly stretched to accommodate continued population and economic growth and to restore environmental flows.
The study focused on water consumption footprinting and development of water efficiency plan for an airport located in Turkey. Airports are facilities having large water consumption, generally for non-potable purposes such as water cooling systems, fire control, cleaning and washing of vehicles, runways and aircrafts and also public uses (WC, food service). Research period covered 12 months and consumption data obtained from 116 water meters were evaluated for water footprinting. Along a year the airport served to about 12 million passengers and 81 thousand aircrafts. These passengers and aircrafts were served by various services by airport authorities. These services were linked by water consumption directly or indirectly. Study results showed that annual water consumption was about 436000 m 3 /year. Irrigation, fire control system, cooling towers and terminal WC uses accounted high use with rate of 23%, 7%, 26% and 20 %. While water used for WC changed between about 6-8.5 L per pax, this value was between 1-1.5 L per pax for food consumption. Therefore passenger based uses fluctuated between 6.5-10 L per pax in the airport. Based on this analysis several methods were suggested to minimize water consumption. Among them "training and education of airport staff" was proposed as the most economical solution. Furthermore "improved water consumption monitoring" system could be suggested as applicable method considering economical and physical aspects and should gain priority. Then alternative measures could be chosen based on their economical and physical applicability.
This study aimed to develop an approach to investigate grey water footprint-GWF of municipalities in the Aegean Region in Turkey. In this scope 8 out of 81 cities were analyzed in terms of their waste water production (volume), waste water treatment (type of treatment, waste water receiving media etc.) in the country. Data was handled, within the series of waste water official surveys at a municipal level published annually/ biannually by the National Institute of Statistics (TUIK) since 2001. "Total Nitrogen TN" has been selected as a reference variable for GWF calculations. The required additional data/information for the calculations was natural/background nitrogen concentrations, maximum allowable nitrogen concentrations for water bodies. Grey water footprint was calculated for each single city and then spatial differences were determined. Study results revealed that GWF was changeable from one city to another (450-1150 m 3 /ca.yr). Higher GWF (treated) amount compared to the GWF (un-treated) in some regions was explained by higher volume of treated wastewater. Observation of relatively high values for GWF (treated) in some places was due to type of water treatment processes. Availability of N removal process at treatment plants was major impact on low GWF value. It can be concluded that GWF could be indicator to investigate effectiveness of wastewater management strategies, and determine its environmental effects.
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