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The effect of the anionic structure of ionic liquids (ILs) and water/IL ratio on the dissolution behavior of maize starch at room temperature (22–23 °C) was investigated. The ILs used were 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium formate ([C2mim][HCOO]), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][CH3COO]). The structural analysis indicated that the long- and short-range molecular order in the starch after treatment with water/[C2mim][Cl] and water/[C2mim][HCOO] mixtures decreased with the decreasing water/IL ratio from 10:1 to 2:1 and was completely disrupted at the 2:1 ratio. However, the ordered structure of starch was disrupted completely in the water/[C2mim][CH3COO] ratio of 5:1. The disruption extent of starch structures followed the order: [C2mim][CH3COO] > [C2mim][HCOO] > [C2mim][Cl] at water/IL ratios of 10:1 and 5:1, but the opposite was observed at lower water/IL ratio (2:1). Our results clearly showed that both the nature of the anion and water/IL ratio affected the dissolution behavior of maize starch. The hydrogen bonding capacity of IL anions and viscosity of water/IL mixtures were proposed to play the key roles in the structural disruption of starch. These findings would be of great importance for rationally designing “green and sustainable” processes for the utilization of promising natural biopolymers.

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No abstract

Clean and renewable energy is the only way to achieve sustainable energy development, with considerable social and economic benefits. As a key technology for clean and renewable energy, it is very important to research the reliability optimization of microgrids. This paper reviews the research progress in microgrid reliability optimization. This paper first classifies and summarizes the existing research on microgrid control strategies and reliability assessment. Then, the system reliability optimization framework is summarized in terms of both microgrid systems and optimization objectives. Next, we summarize the most commonly used optimization algorithms for microgrid reliability for different microgrid systems. Finally, we provide a bibliometric analysis of the literature on the reliability research of microgrids. In addition, we propose some research challenges in the future for the reliability of microgrids.