Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) released from damaged or dead cells can activate DNA sensors that exacerbate the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we show that ~40 nm cationic nanoparticles (cNP) can scavenge cfDNA derived from RA patients and inhibit the activation of primary synovial fluid monocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Using clinical scoring, micro-CT images, MRI, and histology, we show that intravenous injection of cNP into a CpG-induced mouse model or collagen-induced arthritis rat model can relieve RA symptoms including ankle and tissue swelling, and bone and cartilage damage. This culminates in the manifestation of partial mobility recovery of the treated rats in a rotational cage test. Mechanistic studies on intracellular trafficking and biodistribution of cNP, as well as measurement of cytokine expression in the joints and cfDNA levels in systemic circulation and inflamed joints also correlate with therapeutic outcomes. This work suggests a new direction of nanomedicine in treating inflammatory diseases.
Cell‐free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA) released from either dead or damaged cells serves as a key autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They can be recognized by nucleic acid (NA) sensors such as the toll‐like receptor (TLR), leading to activation of the innate immune system and chronic inflammation. Developed here is a cationic molecular scavenger, by screening cationic dendronized polymers, which eliminates cfDNA and inhibits TLR recognition and nucleic‐acid‐induced inflammation. The structure–property study demonstrates that toxicity, NA binding capacity, and biodistribution could be balanced to achieve maximum therapeutic effect by exquisite control of the molecular structure. In addition, the optimized cationic polymer effectively inhibited joint swelling, synovial hyperplasia, and bone destruction in collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) rat models. The results offer support for synthetic polymers offering new paradigm in autoimmune disease treatment.
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) released from damaged or dead cells combines with LL37 and is converted into an immune response activator to exacerbate psoriasis. Here, we show that cationic nanoparticles (cNPs) efficiently compete for DNA from the DNA-LL37 immunocomplex and inhibit DNA-LL37-induced cell activation. Using phenotypical images, psoriasis area and severity index scoring, histology, and immunohistochemical analysis, we demonstrate that topical application of cNPs on psoriasiform skin of a mouse model relieves psoriatic symptoms. It is noteworthy that the results were confirmed in a cynomolgus monkey model. Moreover, topically administrated cNPs showed low in vivo toxicity because of their retention in skin. Mechanistic analyses of cytokine expression in the psoriatic site, cfDNA levels in circulation and inflamed skin, skin permeation, and biodistribution of cNPs also matched the therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, we present a previously unidentified strategy of nanomedicine to treat skin inflammatory diseases, which demonstrates great potential for clinical application.
Elevated cell-free DNA (cfDNA) levels in the plasma and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are proposed to be pathologically relevant. However, direct evidence to support this perception is lacking, and molecular feature of the cfDNA molecules with assumed pathological function is not well characterized. Here, we confirm remarkably increased levels of total synovial fluid and plasma cfDNAs in a large cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to the counterparts in osteoarthritis, and demonstrate the potent inflammatogenic effects of RA synovial fluid cfDNA on both human monocyte cell line and primary cells related to RA. Massively parallel sequencing identifies distinct molecular pattern of cfDNA in RA, as characterized by enriching CpG-motif containing sequences. Importantly, these identified CpG-motif-rich sequences are hypomethylated in RA patients and induce severe inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrate the pathological role of global and specific cfDNA molecules in RA, thereby identifying novel therapeutic target candidate and potential biomarker for RA.
Direct asymmetric Suzuki coupling between arylboronic acids and 2-diarylphosphinyl-1-naphthyl bromides was successfully developed for the first time with the use of Pd−L1 or Pd−(Cy-MOP) as the catalyst. A variety of axially chiral 2functionalized-2′-diarylphosphinyl-1,1′-biaryls were afforded in 34−99% yields with up to 94% ee. This methodology provides a highly efficient and practical strategy for the synthesis of novel axially chiral biaryl monophosphine oxides and the corresponding phosphines. The existence of an ortho formyl group in arylboronic acids greatly improves the coupling efficiency and permits further versatile transformations in organic synthesis. Density functional calculations were used to determine the origin of stereoselectivity during the reductive elimination step of the closely related coupling of 2-formylphenylboronic acid with naphthylphosphonate bromide. These studies indicate that both the significant transition metal hydrogen bond between the H atom of the formyl group and palladium(II) and the weak interaction between the Pd center and the phosphoryl oxygen atom in the transition state are crucial for high enantioselectivity of the coupling products.
A high concentration of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) in joints is considered a disease causative agent of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cfDNA scavenging has been regarded as an efficient therapeutic avenue. Cationic polymers can hamper progression of joint inflammation in a rat model of RA by scavenging cfDNA; however, they may cause systemic toxicity due to the strong positive charges. To reduce the toxicity, herein a library of cationic nanoparticles (cNPs) of block copolymer micelles is developed and the effects of structure and surface composition on cNP efficacy to bind nucleic acids, toxicity, and therapeutic activity on a collagen induced arthritis (CIA) rat model of RA are assessed. The library includes cNPs with a homoshell from poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)‐block‐poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PLGA‐b‐PDMA) block copolymers and cNPs with a mixed shell of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and PDMA by coself‐assembling PLGA‐b‐PDMA and PLGA‐b‐PEG block copolymers. Relatively to the homoshell cNPs, introduction of PEG segments translates into a lower DNA binding efficacy while preserving ability to hamper joint inflammation. Moreover, they show a greater accumulation and longer retention at the inflamed joints, allowing a lower administration frequency. In conclusion, this work shows that the therapeutic index of cationic materials can be tuned by introducing surface neutral moieties.
Cancer metastasis that is resistant to conventional therapies has become a major cause of patient death. Recent reports indicate that the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) is closely associated with cancer distant metastases, and the cell-free DNA of NETs has been identified as the ligand of the transmembrane protein CCDC25 of cancer cells, acting as a chemokine to induce cancer cell migration to distant organs. In this work, we present the poly(aspartic acid) based-cationic materials to interfere with the interaction between NET-DNA and CCDC25, and furthermore to inhibit NET-DNA-mediated cancer cell chemotaxis and migration. Because of a stronger binding affinity to DNA and favorable retention in the liver, nanoparticulate poly(aspartic acid) derivatives (cANP) efficiently reduce the level of hepatic NET-DNA infiltration, leading to a significant suppression of cancer metastases in mice and several human metastatic models. Moreover, the cANP exhibits no toxicity to organs of animals during the entire treatment. Thus, this work suggests a strategy for controlling cancer metastases, which will benefit patients in clinics.
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