Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is believed to contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we showed that Aβ25-35 rapidly caused activation of autophagy, subsequently leading to reduction of autophagy associated with cellular apoptosis. Further investigation revealed that the accumulation of β-arrestin 1 (ARRB1) caused by Aβ25-35 contributed to the induction of autophagic flux. The depletion of ARRB1 led to decreases in the expression of LC3B, Atg7, and Beclin-1, which are essential for the initiation of autophagy. ARRB1 depletion also reduced downstream ERK activity and promoted Aβ25-35-induced cell death. As with ARRB1, transient upregulation of ARRB2 by Aβ25-35 was observed after short treatment durations, whereas genetic reduction of ARRB2 caused a marked increase in the expression of the α7nAch receptor at the cell surface, which resulted in partial reversal of Aβ25-35-induced cell death. Although expression of both ARRB1 and ARRB2 was reduced in serum from patients with AD, the levels of ARRB1 were much lower than those of ARRB2 in AD. Thus, our findings indicate that ARRB1/2 play different roles in Aβ25-35 cytotoxicity, which may provide additional support for exploring the underlying molecular mechanism of AD.
This paper describes the design and implementation of Turbo decoder which has been selected for 3G mobile systems on TMS320C6201 DSP developed by Texas Instruments(TI) in 1998. With the incomparable operating speed, which is 200 MHz(5-ns cycle time), TMS320C6201 DSP can achieve the performance of up to 1600 million instructions per second(MIPS) and consequently has gained more and more popularity in many applications. In this paper a Turbo decoder is implemented on the TMS320C6201 Evaluation Module(EVM) board with the code rate 1/3. To every step of the algorithm, we discussed the optimized C code and the minimum cycle time of CPU (best situation of the theory), and get pleasant decoding speed.
The research examined the mental health and well-being of a sample of empty-nesters in Jinan City, Shandong Province. An in-depth individual interview approach, with document analysis and participant observation was performed on three types of interviewees (N = 33) recruited via purposive sampling. The empty-nesters faced many unique problems, especially a sense of being disjointed from the family, community and society. Influencing factors included Chinese traditional filial piety culture, lagging implementation of relevant policies and development of community ageing services, as well as the loss of productive roles for the empty nesters. Implications for social work services are identified.
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