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Dry eye disease is a chronic disease of the ocular surface characterized by abnormal tear film composition, tear film instability, and ocular surface inflammation, affecting 5% to 50% of the population worldwide. Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) are systemic disorders with multi-organ involvement, including the eye, and play a significant role in dry eye. To date, most studies have focused on Sjögren’s syndrome (one of the ARDs) since it manifests as two of the most common symptoms–dry eyes and a dry mouth-and attracts physicians to explore the relationship between dry eye and ARDs. Many patients complained of dry eye related symptoms before they were diagnosed with ARDs, and ocular surface malaise is a sensitive indicator of the severity of ARDs. In addition, ARD related dry eye is also associated with some retinal diseases directly or indirectly, which are described in this review. This review also summarizes the incidence, epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, and accompanying ocular lesions of ARD’s related dry eye, emphasizing the potential role of dry eye in recognition and monitoring among ARDs patients.

Rare cases of viral keratitis after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination have been reported. Furthermore, to our knowledge, cases of viral keratitis after two rounds of COVID-19 vaccination have not yet been reported. We report the case of a 19-year-old man without a history of keratitis, who developed viral keratitis soon after receiving the second and third doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines. Each time after the patient received treatment with topical and systemic drugs, his ocular symptoms were gradually relieved, and corrected visual acuity in both eyes returned to normal. COVID-19 vaccination may be associated with rare cases of the development of keratitis in individuals without a medical history of keratitis. Physicians should be aware of the possible relationship between ocular symptoms and adverse reactions to the COVID-19 vaccination. Despite the potential risks of COVID-19 vaccination, the benefits of immunization against the virus far outweigh these risks.

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