No abstract

Many studies have shown that about three biological motions (BMs) can be maintained in working memory. However, no study has yet analyzed the difficulties of experiment materials used, which partially affect the ecological validity of the experiment results. We use the perspective of system anatomy to decompose BM, and thoroughly explore the influencing factors of difficulties of BMs, including presentation duration, joints to execute motions, limbs to execute motions, type of articulation interference tasks, and number of joints and planes involved in the BM. We apply the change detection paradigm supplemented by the articulation interference task to measure the BM working memory capacity (WMC) of participants. Findings show the following: the shorter the presentation duration, the less participants remembered; the more their wrist moved, the less accurate their memory was; repeating verbs provided better results than did repeating numerals to suppress verbal encoding; the more complex the BM, the less participants remembered; and whether the action was executed by the handed limbs did not affect the WMC. These results indicate that there are many factors that can be used to adjust BM memory load. These factors can help sports psychology professionals to better evaluate the difficulty of BMs, and can also partially explain the differences in estimations of BM WMC in previous studies.

Aim: The network model suggests that the comorbidity of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression is due to direct interactions between OCD and depression symptoms. The study investigates the network structure of OCD and depressive symptoms in patients with OCD and explores the pathways that connect the OCD and depression symptoms. Materials and Methods: The items of Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Symptom (Y-BOCS) Scale and the Depression Self-Rating Scale of 445 patients with OCD were analyzed by network model. Statistical analysis and visualization of the network were conducted using R software. Results: Two bridge edges “uneasiness” and “time consumed by obsessions” and “low spirit” and “distress caused by obsessions” connected the OCD symptoms to depressive symptoms. Two closely related edges were between “interference due to obsessions” and “interference due to compulsions” and between “difficulty resisting obsessions” and “difficulty resisting compulsions.” The symptoms “interference due to compulsions,” “distress caused by obsessions,” “time consumed by compulsions,” and “uneasiness” had the highest expected influence centrality. Conclusions: This study highlighted the relationship between “uneasiness” and “time consumed by obsessions” and between “low spirit” and “distress caused by obsessions.” In addition, “interference due to compulsions” is found as the core symptom in the network. Targeting these symptoms may help prevent and treat the comorbidity of obsession–compulsion and depression in patients with OCD.