Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), which has been successfully applied in commercial lithium-ion batteries for portable devices, possesses a theoretical specific capacity of 274 mAh g−1. However, its actual capacity is only half of the theoretical specific capacity, because the charging voltage is restricted below 4.2 V. If a higher charging voltage is applied, an irreversible phase transition of LiCoO2 during delithiation would occur, resulting in severe capacity fading. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the electrochemically driven phase transition of LiCoO2 cathode material to approach its theoretical capacity. In this work, it was observed that LiCoO2 partially degraded to Co3O4 after 150 charging-discharging cycles. From the perspective of crystallography, the conventional cell of LiCoO2 was rebuilt to an orthonormal coordinate, and the transition path from layered LiCoO2 to cubic Co3O4 proposed. The theoretical analysis indicated that the electrochemically driven phase transition from LiCoO2 to Co3O4 underwent several stages. Based on this, an experimental verification was made by doping LiCoO2 with Al, In, Mg, and Zr, respectively. The doped samples theoretically predicted behavior. The findings in this study provide insights into the electrochemically driven phase transition in LiCoO2, and the phase transition can be eliminated to improve the capacity of LiCoO2 to its theoretical value.
The representation and archiving of design information play an essential role in product conceptual design by enabling the design teams to reuse existing solutions. However, most existing studies on information management of conceptual design focus mainly on the systematisation of function related design knowledge, while few studies are related to the aesthetic aspect of design information. The challenge lies in acquiring and quantifying the aesthetic information involved in conceptual design activities. It is also difficult to represent and archive the relationships and hierarchies of aesthetic information in conceptual design. In this context, this study proposes a method to facilitate the searching and retrieval of existing design solutions with effective representation and archiving of both functional and aesthetic information in conceptual design. Firstly, to address the challenge of acquiring and quantifying the aesthetic information, Kansei adjectives and aesthetic design principles were applied to quantify the aesthetic design information. Secondly, a model using knowledge-based information representation and an approach for archiving conceptual design information was proposed to represent and archive the aesthetic information in hierarchal relationships. The proposed approach was illustrated by a case study of digital camera design. A system prototype with a domain-driven vocabulary to represent and archive aesthetic information for digital camera design was successfully developed to show the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Epithelial tissues provide tissue barriers and specialize in organs and glands. When epithelial homeostasis is physiologically or pathologically stimulated, epithelial cells produce mesenchymal cells through the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, forming new tissues, promoting the cure of diseases or leading to illness. A variety of cytokines are involved in the regulation of epithelial cell differentiation. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), especially the bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) has a variety of biological functions and plays a prominent role in the regulation of epithelial cell differentiation. BMP4 is an important regulatory factor of a series of life activities in vertebrates, which is also related to cell proliferation, differentiation and mobility, it also has relation with tumor development. This paper mainly reviews the mechanism of BMP4’s regulation on epithelial tissues, as well as its effect on the growth, differentiation, benign lesions and malignant lesions of epithelial tissues, and expounds the function of BMP4 in epithelial tissues, to provide theoretical support for the research on reducing epithelial diseases.
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