The mechanism of elemental mercury (Hg 0 ) re-emission from vegetation to the atmosphere is currently poorly understood. In this study, we investigated branch-level Hg 0 atmosphere-foliage exchange in a pristine evergreen forest by systematically combining Hg isotopic composition, air concentration and flux measurements to unravel process information. It is found that the foliage represents a diurnally changing sink for atmospheric Hg 0 and its Hg content increases with leaf age and mass. Atmospheric Hg 0 is the dominant source of foliar Hg and the involvement of Hg II is not supported by isotopic evidence. Upon Hg 0 uptake, maturing foliage becomes progressively enriched in lighter Hg isotopes and depleted in odd mass isotopes. The measured isotopic composition of foliage Hg and isotopic shift caused by Hg 0 evasion from foliage supports that Hg 0 emitted from foliage is derived from Hg previously metabolized and bound in the leaf interior then subsequently recycled after reduction, and not merely a retroflux of recently deposited Hg 0 on foliar surface. An isotopic differential mass balance model indicates that the proportion of foliar Hg 0 efflux to uptake gradually increase from emergence to senescence with an average flux ratio of 30%.

BackgroundThe current prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in the People's Republic of China (P. R. China) demonstrates geographical heterogeneities, which show that the TB prevalence in the remote areas of Western China is more serious than that in the coastal plain of Eastern China. Although a lot of ecological studies have been applied in the exploration on the regional difference of disease risks, there is still a paucity of ecological studies on TB prevalence in P. R. China.ObjectiveTo understand the underlying factors contributing to the regional inequity of TB burden in P. R. China by using an ecological approach and, thus, aiming to provide a basis to eliminate the TB spatial heterogeneity in the near future.DesignLatent ecological variables were identified by using exploratory factor analysis from data obtained from four sources, i.e. the databases of the National TB Control Programme (2001–2010) in P. R. China, the China Health Statistical Yearbook during 2002–2011, the China Statistical Yearbook during 2002–2011, and the provincial government websites in 2013. Partial least squares path modelling was chosen to construct the structural equation model to evaluate the relationship between TB prevalence and ecological variables. Furthermore, a geographically weighted regression model was used to explore the local spatial heterogeneity in the relationships.ResultsThe latent ecological variables in terms of ‘TB prevalence’, ‘TB investment’, ‘TB service’, ‘health investment’, ‘health level’, ‘economic level’, ‘air quality’, ‘climatic factor’ and ‘geographic factor’ were identified. With the exception of TB service and health levels, other ecological factors had explicit and significant impacts on TB prevalence to varying degrees. Additionally, each ecological factor had different impacts on TB prevalence in different regions significantly.ConclusionEcological factors that were found predictive of TB prevalence in P. R. China are essential to take into account in the formulation of locally comprehensive strategies and interventions aiming to tailor the TB control and prevention programme into local settings in each ecozone.

Atmosphere–surface exchange of elemental mercury (Hg(0)) is a vital component in global Hg cycling; however, Hg isotope fractionation remains largely unknown. Here, we report Hg isotope fractionation during air–surface exchange from terrestrial surfaces at sites of background (two) and urban (two) character and at five sites contaminated by Hg mining. Atmospheric Hg(0) deposition to soils followed kinetic isotope fractionation with a mass-dependent (MDF) enrichment factor of −4.32‰, and negligible mass-independent fractionation (MIF). Net Hg(0) emission generated average MDF enrichment factors (ε202Hg) of −0.91, −0.59, 1.64, and −0.42‰ and average MIF enrichment factors (E 199Hg) of 0.07, −0.20, −0.14, and 0.21‰ for urban, background, and Hg mining soils and cinnabar tailing, respectively. Positive correlations between ε202Hg and ambient Hg(0) concentration indicate that the co-occurring Hg(0) deposition (accounting for 10–39%) in a regime of net soil emission grows with ambient Hg(0). The MIF of Hg(0) emission from soils (E 199Hg range −0.27 to 0.14‰, n = 8) appears to be overall controlled by the photochemical reduction of kinetically constrained Hg­(II) bonded to O ligands in background soils, while S ligands may have been more important in Hg mining area soils. In contrast, the small positive MIF of Hg(0) emission from cinnabar ore tailing (mean E 199Hg = 0.21‰) was likely controlled by abiotic nonphotochemical reduction and liquid Hg(0) evaporation. This research provides critical observational constraints on understanding the Hg(0) isotope signatures released from and deposited to terrestrial surfaces and highlight stable Hg isotopes as a powerful tool for resolving atmosphere–surface exchange processes.

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An impervious surface is considered one of main factors affecting urban waterlogging. Previous studies found that spatial pattern (composition and configuration) of impervious surfaces affected urban waterlogging. However, their relative importance remains unknown, and the scale-effect of the spatial pattern on urban waterlogging has been ignored. To move forward, our research studied the relationship between spatial patterns on the impervious surface and its subcategories (building and pavement) on urban waterlogging risk spots using Pearson correlation, partial redundancy analysis and performed at three grid scales (1 km × 1 km, 3 km × 3 km, 5 km × 5 km) and the catchment scale based on different spatial resolution land cover maps (2 m, 10 m and 30 m). We identified positively-correlated metrics with urban waterlogging risk spots, such as the composition of impervious surface (i.e., total impervious surface, building, pavement) and the aggregation metric of the total impervious surface at most scales, as well as two negatively correlated metrics (i.e., proximity metric of building, fragmentation metric of total impervious surface). Furthermore, the total variance of urban waterlogging risk spots explained by the spatial pattern of the total impervious surface and its subcategories increased with studied grid and catchment scales while decreasing from a fine to a coarse resolution. The relative contribution of the impervious surface composition and configuration to the variation of urban waterlogging risk spots varied across scales and among impervious surface types. The composition contributed more than the configuration did for the total impervious surface at both grid and catchment scales. Similar to total impervious surface, the composition of buildings was more important than its configuration was at all the grid scales, while the configuration of buildings was more important at the catchment scale. Contrary to the total impervious surface, the configuration of pavement at both the grid and catchment scales mattered more than their compositions did. Furthermore, the composition of the building was more important than that of pavement, but its configuration mattered less. Our study could provide a multi-scale landscape perspective with detailed suggestions for controlling the area of impervious surface and optimizing its spatial configuration in urban waterlogging risk mitigation and urban planning.

To evaluate the impact of regional mercury (Hg) emissions and understand possible source regions of atmospheric Hg in Eastern China, 2 year observation for speciated atmospheric Hg was conducted at the Dameishan Atmospheric Observatory, a mountain site near the east coast of China. The observed concentration of total gaseous Hg (TGM) was 3.3 ± 1.4 ng m À3 . During the sampling period, gaseous oxidized Hg and particulate bound Hg were 6.7 ± 4.3 pg m À3 and 180 ± 110 pg m À3 in winter and 5.9 ± 3.4 pg m À3 and 130 ± 100 pg m À3 in spring, respectively. The relatively high mean concentration of TGM was mainly caused by regional anthropogenic emissions and occasional long-range transport from domestic source regions. Seasonal variation in the TGM concentration was observed with lower values in the wet monsoon season (from May to September) and higher values in the dry monsoon season (from October to April). Backward trajectories and potential source contribution function analysis suggested that anthropogenic Hg emission from coal combustion in the Yangtze River Delta region was the most likely cause for the elevated TGM concentrations. Relatively clean air originating from the East China Sea was the most possible cause for the observed low TGM concentrations. Positive correlation between TGM concentration and air quality index suggests that emissions that influenced regional air quality contributed to the elevated TGM concentrations.

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