Recent literatures have demonstrated the feasibility and applicability of light-to-camera communications. They either use this new technology to realize specific applications, e.g., localization, by sending repetitive signal patterns, or consider non-line-of-sight scenarios. We however notice that line-of-sight light-to-camera communications has a great potential because it provides a natural way to enable visual association, i.e., visually associating the received information with the transmitter's identity. Such capability benefits broader applications, such as augmented reality, advertising, and driver assistance systems. Hence, this paper designs, implements, and evaluates RollingLight, a line-of-sight light-to-camera communication system that enables a light to talk to diverse off-the-shelf rolling shutter cameras. To boost the data rate and enhance reliability, RollingLight addresses the following practical challenges. First, its demodulation algorithm allows cameras with heterogeneous sampling rates to accurately decode high-order frequency modulation in real-time. Second, it incorporates a number of designs to resolve the issues caused by inherently unsynchronized light-to-camera channels. We have built a prototype of RollingLight with USRP-N200, and also implemented a real system with Arduino Mega 2560, both tested with a range of different camera receivers. We also implement a real iOS application to examine our real-time decoding capability. The experimental results show that, even to serve commodity cameras with a large variety of frame rates, RollingLight can still deliver a throughput of 11.32 bytes per second.
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, also known as koji mold, has been used for centuries in the production of fermented foods in East Asia. A. oryzae fermentation can produce enzymes and metabolites with various bioactivities. In this study, we investigated whether A. oryzae fermentation extract (AOFE) has any effect on Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) pneumonia. We performed solid-state fermentation of A. oryzae and obtained the ethanol extract. AOFE was analyzed by HPLC, and the major component was identified to be kojic acid. In vitro, AOFE suppressed Mp growth and invasion into A549 lung epithelial cells as determined by the gentamicin protection assay. AOFE treatment also suppressed Mp-stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 at mRNA and protein levels in murine MH-S alveolar macrophages. In a mouse model of Mp pneumonia, Mp infection induced a marked pulmonary infiltration of neutrophils, which was significantly reduced in mice pre-treated orally with AOFE. AOFE administration also suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the lungs. Collectively, our results show that AOFE has the potential to be developed into a preventive/therapeutic agent for Mp pneumonia.
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