Background
The influence of sugammadex for reversal of neuromuscular block (NMB) on postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), compared with neostigmine, remains to be determined. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare the incidence of PPCs between patients who received sugammadex versus neostigmine.
Methods
Relevant studies were obtained by searching the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. A random effects model incorporating the potential heterogeneity was used to pool the results.
Results
Fourteen RCTs including 1478 adult patients who underwent surgeries with general anesthesia were included, and of these, 753 received sugammadex and 725 received neostigmine for reversal of NMB. The pooled results showed that sugammadex was associated with a lower risk of overall PPCs compared to neostigmine (odds ratio [OR]: 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.43–0.89, p = 0.01; I2 = 0%). This finding remained consistent after exclusion of two studies with potential overlapping events (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.36–0.96, p = 0.03; I2=9%). Stratified analyses according to the categories of PPCs showed that sugammadex was associated with a significantly lower risk of postoperative respiratory failure (OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.38–0.97, p = 0.04; I2 = 0%) but not of postoperative pulmonary infection (OR: 0.79, p = 0.71), atelectasis (OR: 0.78, p = 0.33), or pneumothorax (OR: 0.87, p = 0.79).
Conclusions
Compared with neostigmine, the use of sugammadex for reversal of NMB was associated with a lower risk of PPCs, mainly due to a lower incidence of postoperative respiratory failure with the use of sugammadex.
We investigate the distribution of electromagnetic body force in a fluid boundary layer produced by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) and focus on the fluid dynamic control effects of a rudder. The electromagnetic body force along the CPW direction can be created by the mutual coupling of landscape orientated electric and magnetic fields. With CPWs arranged on the rudder's surface, a direct-force-control rudder can be realized by adjusting the microwave sources. It is also found that a streamwise microwave electromagnetic body force can markedly enhance lift force and suppress rudder vibration, thus improving response time lag significantly. Furthermore, navigation stall caused by a large angle of attack can be avoided.
In order to improve the hydrodynamic characteristics of a hydrofoil (NACA0012), this paper investigates an oscillating hydrofoil immersed in seawater (an electrically poorly conducting fluid) with feedback control of electromagnetic force (Lorentz force). This method is used in the iterative process, by forecasting the location of boundary layer separation points and attack angle at the next time step and figuring out the optimal force distribution function based on these parameters, then returns to the current time step and applies the optimal force onto the leeside to control the flow separation. Based on the basic flow governing equations, the flow field structures, lift evolutions and energy consumptions (the input impulse of Lorentz force) have been numerically investigated. Numerical results show that with this control, the flow separation could be fully suppressed. Meanwhile, the lift increases dramatically and oscillation is suppressed successfully. Furthermore, under similar lift improvement and control effects, the feedback control optimal ratio is 72.58%.
Porous tubular TiO 2 powders were prepared first via a novel facile and non-template route of the nonhydrolytic solgel method. The as-prepared TiO 2 powders could then be directly converted into porous tubular TiN powders through an ammonia reduction nitridation process. The results indicated that the obtained TiO 2 powders consisted of a pure, well-crystallized anatase TiO 2 phase of porous tubular morphology, with a BrunauerEmmettTeller (BET) specific surface area of 39 m 2 /g and an average pore size of 11 nm and pore volume of 0.012 cm 3 /g. After the porous tubular TiO 2 powders were calcined at 800°C for 2 h under an ammonia (NH 3 ) gas atmosphere, TiN powders maintaining their porous tubular architecture were obtained, with a BET specific surface area of 35 m 2 /g and an average pore size and pore volume of 12 nm and 0.096 cm 3 /g, respectively. The electrochemical performance of the porous tubular TiN powders demonstrated that TiN powders could be a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.
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