This study describes the basic principles of optical waveguide refractive index sensing and the various design structures of refractive index sensors. These waveguides generate different optical resonances, which cause changes in the sensing refractive index and temperature and are subsequently used to detect the concentration in the analyses. First, the structural characteristics and performance indices of the microring sensor and interferometer are studied based on the refractive index of the optical waveguide. Second, the principle and sensing detection mechanism of the two types of refractive index sensing employed in these sensors are analyzed. Then, the two sensors are classified and discussed from the perspective of the waveguide materials and structures, as well as the substances to be measured. Simultaneously, performance indicators such as sensitivity and detection range are compared and summarized. The comparison results show that there is a compromise between the sensitivity and quality factor of the optical waveguide refractive index sensor. Finally, applications of refractive index sensing in the biochemical field for material detection are discussed, showing that the optical waveguide refractive index sensor has significant advantages over other types of biochemical optical sensors.
According to the social axioms framework, people's beliefs about how the world functions (i.e., internal or external locus of control) are related to their social behaviors. Previous researchers have attempted to relate locus of control to gambling behavior, but the results have not been clear-cut. The present study speculated that the effects of perceived control (i.e., belief in luck and belief in skill) on gambling behavior are domain-specific and vary with the type of gambling. A total of 306 adult Macau residents ranging in age from 18 to 65 with casino gambling experience were recruited by going door to door. Empirical data on gambling frequency and perceived control relating to 13 types of gambling were collected. Our results demonstrated that the effects of belief in luck or skill on gambling behavior varied across different gambling categories. Specifically, for football lottery, Chinese lottery, and baccarat, it was not belief in skill but rather belief in luck that was a positive significant predictor of gambling frequency. Only for slot machines and stud poker did belief in skill significantly predict gambling frequency. For the remaining eight gambling categories, neither belief in luck nor belief in skill could predict gambling frequency. Our findings indicate that neither internal nor external locus of control can consistently explain people's gambling behaviors. Instead, which factor plays a greater role in a person's gambling behavior is dependent on the gambling type. Therefore, the finding that not all gambles are created equal might be a promising avenue for further research and treatment approaches.
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