Large-scale information processing systems are able to extract massive collections of interrelated facts, but unfortunately transforming these candidate facts into useful knowledge is a formidable challenge. In this paper, we show how uncertain extractions about entities and their relations can be transformed into a knowledge graph. The extractions form an extraction graph and we refer to the task of removing noise, inferring missing information, and determining which candidate facts should be included into a knowledge graph as knowledge graph identification. In order to perform this task, we must reason jointly about candidate facts and their associated extraction confidences, identify coreferent entities, and incorporate ontological constraints. Our proposed approach uses probabilistic soft logic (PSL), a recently introduced probabilistic modeling framework which easily scales to millions of facts. We demonstrate the power of our method on a synthetic Linked Data corpus derived from the MusicBrainz music community and a real-world set of extractions from the NELL project containing over 1M extractions and 70K ontological relations. We show that compared to existing methods, our approach is able to achieve improved AUC and F1 with significantly lower running time.
Room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP)‐based sensors have distinctive advantages over the fluorescence counterparts, such as larger Stokes shifts and longer lifetimes. Unfortunately, almost all RTP sensors are operated on quenching‐based mechanisms given the sensitive nature of the emissive triplet state. Here we report a type of thioether RTP molecules that shows RTP “turn‐on” when volatile acid vapors such as HCl are in contact. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, model thioethers containing different donor/acceptor combinations are investigated via fluorescence spectroscopy and theoretical calculations aided by molecular coordinates obtained from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. It is revealed that a charge‐transfer character in the phosphorescence state is crucial. The “turn‐on” design concept may significantly broaden the sensing application scope for organic RTP molecules.
Manipulation of long-lived triplet excitons in organic molecules is key to applications including nextgeneration optoelectronics, background-free bioimaging, information encryption, and photodynamic therapy. However, for organic room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP), which stems from triplet excitons, it is still difficult to simultaneously achieve efficiency and lifetime enhancement on account of weak spin-orbit coupling and rapid nonradiative transitions, especially in the red and near-infrared region. Herein, we report that a series of fluorescent naphthalimides-which did not originally show observable phosphorescence in solution, as aggregates, in polymer films, or in any other tested host material, including heavy-atom matrices at cryogenic temperatures-can now efficiently produce ultralong RTP (f = 0.17, t = 243 ms) in phthalimide hosts. Notably, red RTP (l RTP = 628 nm) is realized at a molar ratio of less than 10 parts per billion, demonstrating an unprecedentedly low guest-to-host ratio where efficient RTP can take place in molecular solids.
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