This article presents the first compilation of marine non-indigenous species (NIS) of algae and macroinvertebrates invading Chilean waters. A total of 32 cosmopolitan and non-cosmopolitan species are reported. Among them there are six species considered as extending their southern range of distribution in connection with El Nin˜o events. The article highlights negative and positive impacts caused by marine NIS invasions. Among the first are Codium fragile var. tomentosoide, considered as a pest in Gracilaria chilensis aquaculture facilities in northern Chile, and Ciona intestinalis, a pest in scallop aquaculture installations. Among the second are bio-engineers species, such as the ascidian Pyura praeputialis and the sea grass Heterozostera tasmanica, which have caused an increase in local biodiversity and enhancement of nursery grounds via the creation of new habitats. Further more, invaders such as the algae Mastocarpus papillosus, Porphyra linearis and P. pseudolinearis represent new exploitable resources, extracted by coastal food gatherers along the coast (M. papillosus) or potential species to develop aquaculture. Additional information is presented on the anemone Anemonia alicemartinae, which appears to be a native species (?), having shown in the past 40-50 years, a geographical southward range extension of approximately 1900 km. The number of NIS reported for Chile is compared with those published for the southwestern Atlantic, South Africa, North America (Atlantic and Pacific coasts) and New Zealand. It is suggested that probably the low number of Chilean NIS is due to the fact that the Chilean coasts are environmentally less stressed than other coasts in the world, due to the scarcity of estuaries, gulfs, enclosed bays, lagoons and low human populations. These kinds of sheltered areas have been suggested as centers for bio-invasions, due to the high rate of human-mediated transfer and increase of pollutants. Furthermore, none of NIS reported from Chile show a fast geographical expansion rate (exception of A. alicemartinae), nor invading strategies such as those described for marine NIS in other latitudes, where notorious ecological unbalances following invasions have been observed. An alternative hypothesis is that the low number of marine NIS invading Chile is underestimated, since the modern list of species generated through specific taxonomically intensive port and harbor surveys is still lacking. Fifteen Biological Invasions (2005) 7: 213-232 Ó Springer 2005 species (five invertebrate and 10 fish) have been deliberately imported to Chile for aquaculture. The invertebrates appear to be controlled within aquaculture facilities and have not established naturalized populations or caused direct ecological impacts on local communities. On the contrary, several millions of salmoniforms (and rainbow trout) have escaped from farming facilities in southern Chile and established naturalized populations. Studies on ecological impacts are lacking. These escapees are also playing a role in the enhancement of ar...

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RESUMENSe describe la historia de los descubrimientos briozoológicos hechos en la Antártica durante el siglo que va entre la publicación de los resultados de la Expedición Antártica Belga (1904) y la realización de la 13ª conferencia de la International Bryozoology Association habida en Concepción, Chile, en enero de 2004de (Moyano et al. 2003. Los países participantes en los descubrimientos incluyen a Bélgica, Francia, Alemania, Australia, Suecia, Rusia, UK, USA, Nueva Zelanda, España, China, Italia, Argentina y Chile lo que se ha traducido en la descripción de 6 familias nuevas 41 géneros nuevos y no menos de 315 especies nuevas. Sin embargo, como algunas de las especies nuevas son subantárticas, y otras tanto antárticas como subantárticas el número real de especies antárticas endémicas debe ser alrededor de 250.PALABRAS CLAVES: Historia de la ciencia, Antártica, Bryozoa. ABSTRACTThe history of bryozoological discoveries having place during the century span between the publication of the Scientific Results of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (Waters, 1904) and the 13 th International Bryozoology Association Conference held at Concepción, Chile, during January 2004(Moyano et al. 2003, is presented. Countries participating in explorations and discoveries in austral seas around Antarctica include: Belgium, France, Germany, Australia, Sweden, Russia, UK, USA, New Zealand, Spain, China, Italy, Argentina and Chile. As results of their efforts 6 new families, 41 new genera and no less of 315 new species were described. Last figure, however, encompass both subantarctic and Antarctic new species, therefore the actual number of truly Antarctic endemic bryozoans is some 250 species (Hayward 1995).