The inclusion of the Internet of Things (IoT) in greenhouses has become a fundamental tool for improving cultivation systems, offering information relevant to the greenhouse manager for decision making in search of optimum yield. This article presents a monitoring system applied to an aeroponic greenhouse based on an IoT architecture that provides user information on the status of the climatic variables and the appearance of the crop in addition to managing the irrigation timing and the frequency of visual inspection using an application developed for Android mobile devices called Aeroponics Monitor. The proposed IoT architecture consists of four layers: a device layer, fog layer, cloud layer and application layer. Once the information about the monitored variables is obtained by the sensors of the device layer, the fog layer processes it and transfers it to the Thingspeak and Firebase servers. In the cloud layer, Thingspeak analyzes the information from the variables monitored in the greenhouse through its IoT analytic tools to generate historical data and visualizations of their behavior, as well as an analysis of the system’s operating status. Firebase, on the other hand, is used as a database to store the results of the processing of the images taken in the fog layer for the supervision of the leaves and roots. The results of the analysis of the information of the monitored variables and of the processing of the images are presented in the developed app, with the objective of visualizing the state of the crop and to know the function of the monitoring system in the event of a possible lack of electricity or a service line failure in the fog layer and to avoid the loss of information. With the information about the temperature of the plant leaf and the relative humidity inside the greenhouse, the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in the cloud layer is calculated; the VPD values are available on the Thingspeak server and in the developed app. Additionally, an analysis of the VPD is presented that demonstrates a water deficiency from the transplanting of the seedling to the cultivation chamber. The IoT architecture presented in this paper represents a potential tool for the study of aeroponic farming systems through IoT-assisted monitoring.
This article presents the development of a platform for the validation of controllers applied to photovoltaic systems (PVS) interconnected with the main grid (MG), integrating simulation real-time Hardware in the Loop (HIL) and Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed platform is made up of 5 parts: 1) a control HIL emulator (CHILE) that reproduces the behavior of a photovoltaic array, a power electronic converter for interconnection with the MG, and AC loads, 2) a cloud database implemented in ThingSpeak, 3) a smart sensor (SS) that monitors the behavior of AC loads, 4) a residential PVS with internet connection, and 5) an Android application for remote monitoring. The data generated by the residential system and the SS are stored in the database and from this information the CHILE reproduces its behavior in real time. The CHILE generates the variables related to the behavior of the PVS and transfers this information to the database. The mobile application allows users to view the behavior of the platform remotely. The usefulness of the platform is verified with a controller for the maximum power point tracking and the interconnection of the system with the MG in a 24-hour experiment, during which the behavior of the residential PVS and the AC loads are reproduced in the CHILE. The platform successfully emulates the behavior of the installed PVS with a mean relative error of 0.42 % and the AC load with a mean absolute error of 10 mA. Regarding data transfer in the IoT network, a mean time response of the server of 441.9 ms was observed without data loss during the 24-hours experiment.INDEX TERMS Control Hardware in the Loop, IoT, Photovoltaic System.
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